中枢神経系疾患の治療は正常細胞（ニューロン）の機能維持を目的とするが，脳血管障害のように機能障害の原因が細胞の死滅に基づくことは多い．一方，脳腫瘍の治療においては薬物療法や放射線療法といった腫瘍細胞の死滅を目標とするものが大きな位置を占める．いずれの場合にも，細胞死の機序を理解することは各種病態や治療法の理解のうえで重要である．現在のところ最も研究の進んでいる細胞死の型はアポトーシスである．そのなかで重要な位置を占めるミトコンドリアにおける反応および抗アポトーシス因子について概要を紹介する．

Neuroscience 細胞死：最近の知見

higher classification of the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): a tentative arrangement

Fishes of the World.Fourth Edition.ByJoseph S Nelson.Hoboken (New Jersey): John Wiley & Sons.$125.00. xix + 601 p; ill.; index. ISBN: 0‐471‐25031‐7. 2006.

daftar isi :
1. farmakologi umum
2. kemoteraprutika
3. obat-obat gangguan saluran cerna
4. obat susunan saraf pusat
5. obat susunan saraf otonom
6. jantung, pembuluh, dan darah
7. saluran pernapasan
8. hormon-hormon
9. dasar-dasar imunologi, sera dan vaksin, antihistaminika, obat migrain, vitamin dan mineral, dan dasar-dasar diet sehat
10. skema dosis bagi anak-anak, daftar obat selama kehamilan, dan daftar dosis lazim obat-obat penting.

OBAT-OBAT PENTING : Khasiat, penggunaan, dan Efek-efek sampingnya (EDISI 5)

Swidden cultivation can contribute to deforestation and land degradation, which can subsequently result in a number of serious environmental problems. This paper examines the economic and social potential of agroforestry systems and the barriers to their widespread adoption, as a land use alternative to swidden cultivation, which may potentially help protect local forest. The Gunung Salak valley in West Java, Indonesia is presented as a case study. Based on farmers’ and experts’ assessment, costs and benefits have been estimated, which show that the two investigated agroforestry systems have higher net present value and benefit-cost ratio (B/C) than the two swidden cultivation systems. Tree ownership also creates more permanent rights to farmland and is prestigious in the community. Agroforestry products (fruit, vegetables etc.) have high monetary value and help strengthen social cohesion when shared with neighbors. However, farmers are reluctant to implement agroforestry. Stated reasons are related to both culture and capacity. Farmers practicing agroforestry are less involved in forest clearing and forest products collection than swidden farmers indicating that it may contribute positively to conservation of local forests. Increasing the adoption of agroforestry farming in the study area will require support to overcome capacity constraints.

/pdf/finding-alternatives-to-swidden-agriculture-does-1c9ei5yef5.pdf

Finding alternatives to swidden agriculture: does agroforestry improve livelihood options and reduce pressure on existing forest?

The use of secondary fungal metabolites for the active ingredient of mycoinsecticide is more effective and
more easily integrated with other pest control techniques. This study aimed to measure the toxicity of the culture filtrate of entomopathogenic fungi originating from South Sumatra against the Spodoptera litura larvae. Beauveria bassiana (25 isolates) and Metarhizium anisopliae (20 isolates) of South Sumatra were cultured in liquid media and filtered to produce culture filtrate. The larvae
which were sick due to the filtrate showed the symptoms of decreased appetite and were not actively moving, while the dead larvae were characterized by being wrinkled, dry, black integument, and odorless. Mortality caused by B. bassiana filtrate was the highest 98% (BJgTs isolate) and not significantly different from the BSwTd2 isolate (94.67%). Yet, the LT50 BSwTd2 isolate was shorter (5.92 days) compared to the LT50 BJgTs isolate (6.35 days). The most toxic M. anisopliae filtrate produced the mortality of 96% (MKbTp2 isolate) and 85.33% (MPdB isolate) each of which had LT50 of 7.36 days and 8.09 days, respectively. So, the most toxic culture filtrate was BSwTd2 isolate of B. bassiana and MKbTp2 isolate of M. anisopliae. The entomopathogenic fungi producing filtrate which are toxic
have the potential to be active ingredients of mycoinsecticides.

/pdf/toxicity-of-entomopathogenic-fungal-culture-filtrate-of-2xvfbu2jib.pdf

Toxicity of entomopathogenic fungal culture filtrate of lowland and highland soil of South Sumatra (Indonesia) against Spodoptera litura larvae

Safitri A, Herlinda S, Setiawan A. 2018. Entomopathogenic fungi of soils of freshwater swamps, tidal lowlands, peatlands, and highlands of South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 2365-2373. Ecosystems of lowlands and highlands in South Sumatra have specific characteristics of soils and vegetations that can affect the availability of entomopathogenic fungi. This study aimed to explore and identify species and to determine inoculum potentials of the entomopathogenic fungi from soils of freshwater swamps, tidal lowlands, peatlands, and highlands. Baiting of entomopathogenic fungi on soil samples used the larvae of Tenebrio molitor. The entomopathogenic fungi species found in this research were Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. The number of the fungal isolates were 30 isolates consisting of nine isolates of B. bassiana and 21 isolates of M. anisopliae.The highest number of isolates was found in the highland ecosystem (11 isolates) and the lowest was found in peatland ecosystem (4 isolates). The highest percentage average of inoculum potentials of the fungi was found in the high land ecosystem (4.04%) and the lowest one was found in freshwater swamps ecosystem (2.11%). Based on the vegetation type, the soil planted with mustard in Talang Patai-Pagaralam (highland ecosystem) had the highest inoculum potentials (9.33%). These fungi will make an important contribution to the biological control for insect pests in lowland to highland ecosystems in Indonesia.

https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/download/3243/2661

Entomopathogenic fungi of soils of freshwater swamps, tidal lowlands, peatlands, and highlands of South Sumatra, Indonesia

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) will be examined by looking at the ability between pomegranate extracts or fractions, which are more effective in lowering total blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels in mice. This study aims to determine the effect pomegranate fraction of methanol water from several concentrate that can reduce the total cholesterol levels and triglyceride in mice. The research method used was an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) pattern. The research used 6 treatment groups, and test animals divided into 6 treatment groups namely negative control given aquades, positive control fed a high-fat diet, given simvastatin, given 25 mg/grBB pomegranate fraction of methanol water, given 50 mg/grBB pomegranate fraction of methanol water, given 100 mg/grBB of pomegranate fraction of methanol water, each treatment group will be divided into 4 male mice. Based on the results of this study, the active fraction that has an effect on reducing blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels with a percentage reduction about 48% and the significance value of 0,000 <α = 0.05 is the treatment given 100mg/grBB pomegranate fraction of methanol water.

/pdf/effect-of-pomegranate-punica-granatum-l-fraction-in-reducing-42zl0rpkjw.pdf

Effect Of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Fraction In Reducing Total Blood Cholesterol Levels and Triglyceride in Mice (Mus muscullus L.)

Hagen’s batwing Atrophaneura hageni (Rogenhofer, 1889) (Lepidoptera: Papiolinidae) is endemic to Sumatra and it
was previously known only from North Sumatra and West Sumatra provinces. Here we report the first record of this
species from South Sumatra. A male individual of A. hageni was recorded on 19 April 2018 in the Pagar Alam District,
South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Our record represent the most southern locality in the range of this rare highland
species.

/pdf/first-record-of-hagen-s-batwing-atrophaneura-hageni-50ovv532jm.pdf

First record of Hagen’s batwing Atrophaneura hageni (Rogenhofer, 1889) (Lepidoptera: Papiolinidae) in southern Sumatra, Indonesia

An individual of bull shark Carcharhinus leucas (Muller & Henle, 1839) with c. 600-700 mm of total length was caught
and photographed on 2019 in Barito River, South Kalimantan province, Indonesia. This finding is considered as a first
inland record of C. leucas in Indonesian Borneo (Kalimantan). Collecting data using citizen science is needed to asses
the occurence of C. leucas and evaluate the importance of riparian system in Kalimantan waters as nursery area or
ranging habitat for this species.

Arum Setiawan

Papers

Toxicity of entomopathogenic fungal culture filtrate of lowland and highland soil of South Sumatra (Indonesia) against Spodoptera litura larvae

Entomopathogenic fungi of soils of freshwater swamps, tidal lowlands, peatlands, and highlands of South Sumatra, Indonesia

Effect Of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Fraction In Reducing Total Blood Cholesterol Levels and Triglyceride in Mice (Mus muscullus L.)

First record of Hagen’s batwing Atrophaneura hageni (Rogenhofer, 1889) (Lepidoptera: Papiolinidae) in southern Sumatra, Indonesia

First inland record of bull shark Carcharhinus leucas (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) in Indonesian Borneo