Fungi are renowned as one of the most fruitful sources of chemodiversity and for their ubiquitous occurrence. Among the many taxonomic groupings considered for the implications deriving from their biosynthetic aptitudes, the genus Cladosporium stands out as one of the most common in indoor environments. A better understanding of the impact of these fungi on human health and activities is clearly based on the improvement of our knowledge of the structural aspects and biological properties of their secondary metabolites, which are reviewed in the present paper.

The Genus Cladosporium: A Rich Source of Diverse and Bioactive Natural Compounds.

. Elfita, Mardiyanto, Fitrya, Larasati JE, Julinar, Widjajanti H, Muharni. 2019. Antibacterial activity of Cordyline fruticosa leaf extracts and its endophytic fungi extracts. Biodiversitas 20: 3804-3812. Endophytic fungi live by forming colonies in plant tissues without harming the host plant. Cordyline fruticose has been used as traditional medicine for the treatment of pathogenic bacterial infections; therefore, its endophytic fungi are expected to have similar activity. In this study, C. fruticosa leaves were extracted with gradient solvents and evaluated for their antibacterial activity using the Kirby–Bauer method against Gram-negative (Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) bacteria. The extracts of endophytic fungi from C. fruticosa leaves were evaluated for their antibacterial activity, as well. The endophytic fungus with good antibacterial activity was identified by molecular and phylogenetic methods. Chemical compounds from endophytic fungus DB1 were isolated by chromatography and subsequently determined by spectroscopy. The methanol extract of C. fruticosa leaves showed strong antibacterial activity equivalent to the endophytic fungus (DB1). Molecular identification and analysis through the phylogenetic tree showed that the DB1 fungus has a high level of similarity to Neurospora tetrasperma strain APBSDSF108. The antibacterial compounds (compound 1 and 2) isolated from the endophytic fungus DB1 were identified as 4-hydroxy-5-phenylpenta-1,3-dien-1-yl acetate and ergosterol, respectively.

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Antibacterial activity of Cordyline fruticosa leaf extracts and its endophytic fungi extracts

. Herlinda S, Octariati N, Suwandi S, Hasbi. 2020. Exploring entomopathogenic fungi from South Sumatra (Indonesia) soil and their pathogenicity against a new invasive maize pest, Spodoptera frugiperda. Biodiversitas 21: 2955-2965. Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a new invasive maize pest in Indonesia that can cause maize yield losses of 18 million tons/year. To overcome the pest, local-specific entomopathogenic fungi are needed. This study aimed to explore entomopathogenic fungi from soil in South Sumatra and to determine their pathogenicity against S. frugiperda larvae. The fungi exploration was carried out in the lowlands and highlands of South Sumatra and the pathogenicity of obtained isolates were tested against the third instar larvae. The entomopathogenic fungi found were Metarhizium spp. and were successfully isolated as many as 14 isolates. All of the isolates were pathogenic to S. frugiperda larvae (70.67?78.67% mortality), the most pathogenic caused 78.67% mortality and significantly suppressed the emergence of adults up to 81.2%. Unhealthy larvae had a dry, shrunken, shrinking, odorless body, and its integument was covered in mycelia and conidia like yellowish-white powdery mixed with dark green. The unhealthy pupae and adults were in the abnormal and malformation shape. The abnormal pupae were shorter in size, bent, the to-be wings got wrinkled, and darker color, while the unhealthy adults had folded wings and were unable to fly. The two most pathogenic isolates were found from the lowland (PirOI) and highland (CasPsPGA) soil of South Sumatra. In conclusion, both of these isolates had the potential to be developed into local-specific mycoinsecticides to control pest insects in the highlands and/or lowlands in Indonesia.

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Exploring entomopathogenic fungi from South Sumatra (Indonesia) soil and their pathogenicity against a new invasive maize pest, Spodoptera frugiperda

. Gustianingtyas M, Herlinda S, Suwandi. 2021. The endophytic fungi from South Sumatra (Indonesia) and their pathogenicity against the new invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. Biodiversitas 22: 1051-1062. Maize in Indonesia is currently experiencing attacks and outbreaks of the new invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. The S. frugiperda larvae emerge from the leaf midrib when eating, after hiding in the maize stalk so that it is difficult to control by contact. This study aimed to find out the endophytic fungi from the roots of maize, banana and chili in South Sumatra and to determine their pathogenicity against S. frugiperda larvae. The endophytic fungi were isolated from the plant roots. Fungal isolates proven to be endophytic were dropped (1 × 106 conidia mL?1) on the second instar larvae. The result showed that the endophytic fungi found were 8 isolates consisting of the genus, Aspergillus sp., Beauveria sp., Chaetomium sp., and Curvularia sp. First report of Aspergillus sp., Chaetomium sp., and Curvularia sp. have insecticidal activity against S. frugiperda larvae. However, the two most pathogenic isolates were JgCrJr and JgSPK isolates of Beauveria sp. with larval mortality of 29.33% and 26.67%, respectively, and could reduce the emergence of S. frugiperda adults up to 44%. So, the two isolates of Beauveria sp. have a high potential to be developed to control S. frugiperda larvae in maize both in the lowlands and the highlands.

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The endophytic fungi from South Sumatra (Indonesia) and their pathogenecity against the new invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda

Ogan ethnic community in South Sumatera has been used a decoction of the stem bark of  Syzygium samarangense  L (locally named “jambu air” in Indonesia) for hypertension medicine. Hypertension is a degenerative disease caused by free radical activity in the body. This study aims to scientifically prove the use of a decoction of the stem bark of  S. samarangense  so that its use by the Ogan ethnic community can be justified. The research began with fractionation of the stem bark by gradient solvents, and each fraction was tested for antioxidant activity. Isolation of antioxidant compounds from active fractions was carried out by chromatographic techniques. Antioxidant tests on fractions and pure compounds were carried out by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Based on spectroscopic data analysis and by comparing with literature, the pure compounds were identified as quercetin and gallic acid. Both of these compounds have strong antioxidant activity with IC 50  quercetin 11.16 and gallic acid 11.43 µg/mL. This research proves that the use of the stem bark of  S. samarangense  for a degenerative disease by the Ogan ethnic community contains the truth.

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Antioxidant Compounds from The Stem Bark of Syzygium samarangense L

The use of secondary fungal metabolites for the active ingredient of mycoinsecticide is more effective and
more easily integrated with other pest control techniques. This study aimed to measure the toxicity of the culture filtrate of entomopathogenic fungi originating from South Sumatra against the Spodoptera litura larvae. Beauveria bassiana (25 isolates) and Metarhizium anisopliae (20 isolates) of South Sumatra were cultured in liquid media and filtered to produce culture filtrate. The larvae
which were sick due to the filtrate showed the symptoms of decreased appetite and were not actively moving, while the dead larvae were characterized by being wrinkled, dry, black integument, and odorless. Mortality caused by B. bassiana filtrate was the highest 98% (BJgTs isolate) and not significantly different from the BSwTd2 isolate (94.67%). Yet, the LT50 BSwTd2 isolate was shorter (5.92 days) compared to the LT50 BJgTs isolate (6.35 days). The most toxic M. anisopliae filtrate produced the mortality of 96% (MKbTp2 isolate) and 85.33% (MPdB isolate) each of which had LT50 of 7.36 days and 8.09 days, respectively. So, the most toxic culture filtrate was BSwTd2 isolate of B. bassiana and MKbTp2 isolate of M. anisopliae. The entomopathogenic fungi producing filtrate which are toxic
have the potential to be active ingredients of mycoinsecticides.

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Toxicity of entomopathogenic fungal culture filtrate of lowland and highland soil of South Sumatra (Indonesia) against Spodoptera litura larvae

. Fadhillah, Elfita, Muharni, Yohandini H, Widjajanti. 2019. Chemical compound isolated from antioxidant active extract of endophytic fungus Cladosporium tenuissimum in Swietenia mahagoni leaf stalks. Biodiversitas 20: 2645-2650. Swietenia mahagoni L. Jacq is a medicinal plant that widely used as an antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, anticancer, antitumor, and antidiabetic. Several bioactive compounds have been reported to be associated with this plant that supports its treatment activities. Flavonoid content of the S. mahagoni has antioxidant activity. Therefore the plant is widely used to treat degenerative diseases caused by free radical activity in the body. Scientists have proven that the medicinal plants have a symbiotic relationship with the number of microorganisms that can produce bioactive compounds. One of the symbiotic microorganisms is endophytic fungi believed to be associated with every plant on earth. In this paper, we report a secondary metabolite compound from endophytic fungi isolated from S. mahagoni. The endophytic fungi (DMG1-DMG4) were isolated from leaf stalks of S. mahagoni. Antioxidant activity of endophytic fungi extracts was tested by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The chemical compound from the active extract was isolated by the chromatographic method, and the structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods including UV, IR, NMR 1D (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR), NMR 2D (HMQC and HMBC). Antioxidant activity test showed the endophytic fungus (DMG3) has the highest activity. The chemical compound from DMG3 was identified as 5-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-piran-4-yl) methyl acetate). The phylogenetic method used to molecular analysis of DMG3 confirmed the fungus as Cladosporium tenuissimum.

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Chemical compound isolated from antioxidant active extract of endophytic fungus Cladosporium tenuissimum in Swietenia mahagoni leaf stalks

Entomopathogenic fungi have been widely used to control insect pests. The objective of this experiment was to find out the insecticidal activity of filtrate of entomopathogenic fungal cultures exposed to ultra violet (UV) C against the larvae of Spodoptera litura. The fungi used were Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae and their liquid cultures exposed to UV C (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 watts) for 6 hours. The results showed that the larva mortality caused by B. bassiana culture filtrate without irradiation was the highest (97.3%) and significantly different from those caused by M. anisopliae culture filtrate (96.0%). However, the mortality caused by B. bassiana culture filtrate irradiated with UV C decreased significantly compared to the mortality caused by M. anisopliae culture filtrate irradiated by UV C. LT50 of the filtrate of M. anisopliae culture irradiated with UV C was 10.51 days and was significantly shorter than those of B. bassiana (18.09 days). Thus, the M. anisopliae was more resistant to irradiation compared to B. bassiana.

Effect of Application of UV Irradiated Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae on Larval Weight and Mortality of Spodoptera litura

Beauveria bassiana has been widely used to control lepidopteran larvae, such as Spodoptera litura. The objective of this research was to observe the mortality and median Lethal Time (LT50) of larval S. litura after exposure of filtrate of B. bassiana cultures incubated under temperatures of 25o and 34oC. The isolates used were 10 isolates of B. bassiana and they were incubated under temperatures 25 and 34 °C in liquid media for 6 wk. The results showed that the highest mortality caused by B. bassiana was found on the fungus incubated under 25 °C and was significantly different from that of temperature 34 °C. The shortest LT50 of larval S. litura was found on the fungus incubated under temperature 25 °C and was significantly different from that of temperature 34 °C. The highest mortality was found on isolate BTmPc (96%) incubated under temperature 25 °C with the shortest LT50 (7.51 d), which was not significantly different from isolate BTmTr (93.33%) incubated under temperature 25 °C with the LT50 (7.31 d). Therefore, isolate BTmTr incubated under temperature 25 °C was the most effective on killing S. litura larvae. However, isolate of BMkMs incubated under 34 °C was still caused the highest percentage of larval mortality (18.67%) and the shortest LT50 (16.20 d). Therefore, the BMkMs isolate can be developed into bio-insecticide active ingredients for controlling S. litura in tropical ecosystem.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/468/1/012010/pdf

Elfita

Papers

Toxicity of entomopathogenic fungal culture filtrate of lowland and highland soil of South Sumatra (Indonesia) against Spodoptera litura larvae

Chemical compound isolated from antioxidant active extract of endophytic fungus Cladosporium tenuissimum in Swietenia mahagoni leaf stalks

Effect of Application of UV Irradiated Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae on Larval Weight and Mortality of Spodoptera litura

Insecticidal activity of filtrate of Beauveria bassiana cultures incubated under the temperatures of 25°C and 34 °C against larvae Spodoptera litura

Analysis of Total Phenolics and Flavonoid from the Root Bark of Flacourtia rukam