Let's read! We will often find out this sentence everywhere. When still being a kid, mom used to order us to always read, so did the teacher. Some books are fully read in a week and we need the obligation to support reading. What about now? Do you still love reading? Is reading only for you who have obligation? Absolutely not! We here offer you a new book enPDFd preventing chronic diseases a vital investment to read.

Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Vital Investment

The medicinal uses, toxicities and anti-inflammatory activity of Polyalthia species (Annonaceae).

Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) is a polyphagous pest, surviving on more than 120 plant species belonging to 44 families including cotton, groundnuts, jute, maize, paddy, soybeans, tea, tobacco and vegetables. Broad host range indicates its digestive capabilities for adaption of a variety of food. Keeping in view, the damage potential of Spodoptera litura, studies were conducted to determine the effects of transgenic cotton CEMB-33, Bt-906 and conventional FH-142, CIM-496 cotton varieties on biotic potential of Spodoptera litura under laboratory conditions, 27±5oC and R. H. 65±5%, at M. A. H. Qadri, Biological Research Centre, University of Karachi, Karachi. Transgenic cotton varieties were proved to be significantly effective and reduced pupation 10.80%, pupal weight 5.45% prolonged pupal duration 16.90% reduced adult emergence 29.41% as compared to the control.

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9503/1/Qurban%20Ali_Agri%20%28Entomology%29_2018_UoK_PRR.pdf

Studies of Systemic Insecticides and Custard Apple (Annaona Squamosa) Seed Extract Effects on Cotton Pest (Spodoptera litura), with Reference to Transgenic and Conventional Cotton Varieties

Malaysia is ranked the 12th richest country for its biological diversity of plant species by the Convention on Biological Diversity and this project aims to contribute to existing knowledge of Malaysian rainforest plants, Acalypha wilkesiana, Duabanga grandiflora, Archidendron ellipticum and Pseuduvaria macrophylla, for the treatment of cancer. 

A. wilkesiana (Euphorbiaceae) whole plant EtOH and EtOAc extracts inhibited growth of breast cancer MDA-MB-468 cells (GI50: 22.7 and 15.9 μg/ml) and revealed preference over non-transformed MRC5 fibroblasts (GI50: 46.6 and 53.3 μg/ml, respectively). EtOH and HEX extracts were able to impair cell survival and colony-forming abilities in MDA-MB-468 cells after 24 h. Detection of increased MDA-MB-468 sub-G1 cell populations after 48 h treatment to EtOH and HEX extracts, suggest that cells may be undergoing apoptosis.

A. ellipticum (Leguminosae) crude polar bark and leaf extracts inhibited MDA-MB-468 cell growth (GI50 of bark EtOH, EtOAc extracts: 1.7 and 40.4 μg/ml, respectively and leaf EtOH and EtOAc extracts: 9.3 and 9.3 μg/ml, respectively). However, MDA-MB-468 cell growth was unaffected by HEX extracts (> 200 μg/ml). Separation of crude extracts revealed sub-fractions of greater activity, in particular a 50-fold enhanced potency in sub-fractions of HEX extract thus overcoming masking or antagonistic activity in the crude mixture. Following 24 h, bark and leaf extracts impaired MDA-MB-468 cells’ proliferative and colony-forming abilities at 1X and 2X GI50 values suggesting significant damage was induced leading to observed cellular senescence and inhibition of cell proliferation. After 48 h exposure to EtOH and HEX extracts, MDA-MB-468 cells accumulated cellular damage, possibly affecting microtubule functions resulted in activation of apoptosis as shown by increased of sub-G1 and G2/M MDA-MB-468 cell populations and presence of phosphatidyl serine on the outer membrane of cells. Modest levels of flavonoid and phenolic compounds were found in bark and leaf extracts, which correlated to moderate level of free radical scavenging activity observed. 
D. grandiflora (Lythraceae) bark and leaf extracts revealed growth inhibitory effects against colorectal cancer HCT116 cells (GI50 of bark Water, EtOH, EtOAc and HEX extracts: 42.4, 37.5, 21.69 and 28.9 μg/ml, respectively; leaf Water, EtOH, EtOAc and HEX extracts GI50: 38.0, 40.9, 24.7 and > 200 μg/ml, respectively). Separation of crude bark extracts resulted in fractions of greater activity, whereas separation of leaf extracts revealed reduced activity suggesting synergistic activity in the mixture. Following 24 h, bark and leaf extracts impaired HCT116 cells’ proliferative and colony-forming abilities at 1X and 2X GI50 values indicating significant damage incurred leading to observed cellular senescence and cell proliferation inhibition. After 48 h exposure to D. grandiflora extracts, increased sub-G1 HCT116 cell population and a G1/0 cell cycle block accompanied by decreased S and G2/M cell populations were measured. Detection of phosphatidyl serine on cells’ outer membrane and activated apoptotic caspase 3 protein confirmed D. grandiflora extracts induced apoptosis. Highest levels of flavonoid and phenolic compounds were found in polar bark and leaf D. grandiflora extracts, which may correlate to the highest free radical scavenging activity measured.

P. macrophylla (Annonaceae) extracts collectively displayed greatest HCT116 cell growth inhibition (EtOH, EtOAc and HEX extracts GI50: 5.2, 1.6 and 5.4 μg/ml) and separation of EtOH and EtOAc extracts revealed even greater activity in sub-fractions. After 24 h, polar extracts at 2X GI50 completely impaired HCT116 cells’ proliferative and colony-forming abilities suggesting extract-induced significant damage led to inability of cells to proliferate. Analysis of cell cycle distribution revealed increased sub-G1 HCT116 cell population and high levels of early apoptotic HCT116 cells following 48 h exposure to P. macrophylla extracts coupled with detection of caspase 3 activation confirming execution of apoptosis. Modest levels of flavonoid and phenolic compounds were detected in EtOH, EtOAc and HEX extracts, which correlated to modest free radical scavenging activity. 

The findings in this project should justify further separation and in vitro investigations.

Investigating in vitro anticancer properties of Malaysian rainforest plants: Acalypha wilkesiana Müll, Arg. Archidendron ellipticum (Blume) Hassk. Duabanga grandiflora Walp. Pseuduvaria macrophylla (Oliv.) Merr

Introduction. Propolis has been used traditionally in several countries for treating various diseases as it possessed healing properties including antioxidant and anticancer qualities. In Peninsular Malaysia, Tetrigona apicalis is one of the species of stingless bees mainly found in virgin jungle reserves which largely contribute to propolis production. Therefore, this study is designed to evaluate the phytochemical contents, antioxidant properties, and the cytotoxic effect of ethanolic crude of propolis extract against MCF7 and MCF 10A cell lines. Method. The ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) was extracted using 80% ethanol. Identification of phytochemical contents and antioxidant properties of EEP was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and using 2, 2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) method, respectively. The EEP cytotoxic activity was evaluated on MCF7 and MCF 10A using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results. Phytochemical contents of EEP demonstrated 28 compounds in which caryophyllene (99%), β-amyrin (96%), α-amyrin (93%), and caryophyllene oxide (93%) were the main compounds. The percentage of ABTS+ scavenging activity of EEP showed an inhibition of 9.5% with half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 1.68 mg/mL. The EEP reduced MCF7 cells viability at IC50 value of 62.24 μg/mL, 44.15 μg/mL, and 32.70 μg/mL at 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. The IC50 value of MCF 10A was 49.55 μg/mL, 56.05 μg/mL, and 72.10 μg/mL at 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. The EEP cytotoxic effect of T. apicalis was more selective towards MCF7 at 72-hour incubation with a selectivity index (SI) of 2.20. Conclusion. The EEP has been shown to have antioxidants and potential bioactive compounds and inhibited proliferation of the MCF7 cells. Further studies on the EEP role in the apoptosis pathway and its screening towards other cell lines will be evaluated.

/pdf/gc-ms-evaluation-antioxidant-content-and-cytotoxic-activity-2i5kifl0u4.pdf

GC-MS Evaluation, Antioxidant Content, and Cytotoxic Activity of Propolis Extract from Peninsular Malaysian Stingless Bees, Tetrigona Apicalis.

The Annonaceae family is rich in potential as a source of therapeutic agent for the development of novel pharmaceutical drugs. Several species belonging to Annonaceae genus have been well studied and have provided numerous therapeutic substances which able to use for the treatment of many illness. In this paper, four therapeutic potential of many species derived from some Annonaceae genus will be discussed based on previous published research for future testing usage.

Therapeutic Potential of Plant Species Derived from Some Annonaceae Genus

The previous study demonstrated promising anti-cancer potential in methanolic crude extracts using single concentration, especially on breast cancer cells under 24 hours treatment. The present study investigates the effective concentration of bark and leaf methanolic extract on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line under 48 and 72 hours of treatment. The method employed was MTT assay to determine the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of both extracts at different concentration under 48 & 72 hours of treatment. The IC50 was obtained by plotting the concentration (μg/mL) versus the percentage of inhibition of each extract. The MCF7 cell line had decreased response to both extracts within 72 hours but showing promising cytotoxicity within 48 hours especially for leaf methanolic extracts at concentration of 140 μg/mL ± 0.23 to inhibit 50% of tested cancer cell line, meanwhile the medium inhibitory concentration (IC50) of bark methanolic extract on MCF7 cells was 242 μg/mL ± 0.13. The results showed that the the IC50 of leaf methanolic extracts was comparably lower than the IC50 of bark methanolic extracts. In fact, leaf methanolic extracts demonstrated better efficacy on the MCF7 after been treated within 48 hours compared to 72 hours. In other words, leaf methanolic extract more potent than bark methanolic extracts.

/pdf/concentration-and-time-dependent-cytotoxic-effect-of-34vrj7mwco.pdf

Concentration and Time Dependent Cytotoxic effect of Methanolic Crude Extracts of Pseuduvaria macrophylla on the Human Cancer Cell Line

The global halal cosmetics market is projected to grow during the forecast period. However, the factors that influenced consumers in the world to opt for halal cosmetics remain ambiguous.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jocd.15486

Determinants of consumer adoption of halal cosmetics: A systematic literature review

Methods applied for early diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA) are limited. Early prevention and treatment can effectively reduce the pain of OA patients and save costs. The present study aimed to develop a rapid non-destructive detection method for early diagnosis of OA by evaluating infrared (IR) spectroscopy combined chemometrics. Our cohort consisted of (a) 15 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and (b) 10 without clinical signs of the disease and they were used as controls. Attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to investigate serum samples (50 µL) collected from these patients. A supervised classification algorithm namely discriminant analysis (DA) was applied to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy spectral processing and chemometrics analysis allowed for detecting spectral biomarkers that discriminated the two cohorts. About 250 infrared spectra were statistically important for separating the groups. Peaks at 1000 cm−1 in OA serum were associated mainly with C–O stretching vibration associated with the changes in the proteoglycan contents previously reported in OA. A good overall classification accuracy of 74.47% was obtained from the DA model. Our findings indicated that this discriminating model, which incorporated the ATR-FTIR spectrum, could provide a rapid and cost-effective blood test, thus facilitating the early diagnosis of human OA.

/pdf/diagnosis-of-osteoarthritis-at-an-early-stage-via-infrared-2bslqoi6.pdf

Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis at an Early Stage via Infrared Spectroscopy Combined Chemometrics in Human Serum: A Pilot Study

BACKGROUND
The employment of Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for determination and quantification of lard in a binary blend with palm oil in a cosmetic soap formulation.


OBJECTIVE
To determine and quantify lard as an adulterant in a binary blend with palm oil in a cosmetic soap formulation by FT-IR and multivariate analysis.


METHODS
Fatty acids in lard, palm oil, and binary blends were extracted via liquid-liquid extraction and were subjected to FTIR spectrometry, combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA) for the classification of lard in cosmetic soap formulations via two DA models: Model A (percentage of lard in cosmetic soap) and Model B (porcine and non-porcine cosmetic soap). Linear regression (MLR), partial least square regression (PLS-R), and principal components regression (PCR) were used to assess the degree of adulteration of lard in the cosmetic soap.


FINDINGS
The FTIR spectrum of palm oil slightly differed from that of lard at the wavenumber range of 1453 cm-1 and 1415 cm-1 in palm oil and lard, respectively, indicating the bending vibrations of CH2 and CH3 aliphatic groups and OH carboxyl group, respectively. Both of the DA models could accurately classify 100% of cosmetic soap formulations. Nevertheless, less than 100% of verification value was obtained when it was further used to predict the unknown cosmetic soap sample suspected of containing lard or a different percentage of lard. The PCA for Model A and Model B explained a similar cumulative variability (CV) of 92.86% for the whole dataset. MLR and PCR showed the highest determination coefficient (R2) of 0.996, lowest relative standard error (RSE), and mean square error (MSE), indicating that both regression models were effective in quantifying the lard adulterant in cosmetic soap.


CONCLUSION
FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics with DA, PCA, and MLR or PCR can be used to analyze the presence of lard and quantify its percentage in cosmetic soap formulations.

Atiqah Aziz

Papers

Therapeutic Potential of Plant Species Derived from Some Annonaceae Genus

Concentration and Time Dependent Cytotoxic effect of Methanolic Crude Extracts of Pseuduvaria macrophylla on the Human Cancer Cell Line

Determinants of consumer adoption of halal cosmetics: A systematic literature review

Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis at an Early Stage via Infrared Spectroscopy Combined Chemometrics in Human Serum: A Pilot Study

Discrimination and authentication of lard blending with palm oil in cosmetic soap formulations.