Integrating customary management into marine conservation

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs

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Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

This study explores the social, economic, and ecological context within which communities in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia use adaptive coral reef management. We tested whether periodic closures had positive effects on reef resources, and found that both the biomass and the average size of fishes commonly caught in Indo-Pacific subsistence fisheries were greater inside areas subject to periodic closures compared to sites with year-round open access. Surprisingly, both long-lived and short-lived species benefited from periodic closures. Our study sites were remote communities that shared many socioeconomic characteristics; these may be crucial to the effectiveness of adaptive management of reef resources through periodic closures. Some of these factors include exclusive tenure over marine resources, a body of traditional ecological knowledge that allows for the rapid assessment of resource conditions, social customs that facilitate compliance with closures, relatively small human populations, negligible migration, and a relatively low dependence on fisheries. This dynamic adaptive management system, in which communities manage their resources among multiple social and ecological baselines, contrasts with western fisheries management practices, centered on maintaining exploited populations at stable levels in which net production is maximized.

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Periodic Closures as Adaptive Coral Reef Management in the Indo- Pacific

Various management approaches have been proposed to address the alarming depletion of marine coastal resources. Prominent among them are community-based management and the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). The overall poor performance of MPAs can be traced to a failure to effectively include local communities in the design and implementation of relevant measures. Recent efforts have incorporated aspects of community-based management into a hybrid form of management, which ideally builds upon existing local management practices. A key challenge lies in the development of appropriate frameworks that allow for the successful participation of local communities in management. A review of studies on MPA design and community-based marine resource management and fieldwork observations provides suggestions on how to address current socioeconomic shortcomings in MPA design and implementation, successfully involving local communities in order to provide a better local basis for effective larger MPA networks. A combination of MPA tools as the formal frame and community-based natural resource management as the adaptive core that recognizes local communities as allies, not aliens, is needed to develop successful conservation approaches.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0376892910000172

Allies, not aliens: increasing the role of local communities in marine protected area implementation

We investigated traditional coral reef management practices at Ahus Island, Manus Province, Papua New Guinea, to evaluate their social role in the community and potential to conserve reef ecosystems. For generations, Ahus Islanders have prohibited spear and net fishing within six delineated areas of their reef lagoon. One to three times per year, fish are briefly harvested from the restricted areas to provide food for ceremonial occasions. Underwater visual censuses of fishes revealed a significantly greater biomass and average size of target species within the restricted areas (205 kg/ha ± 20 [SE]; 102 mm TL [total length]± 0.7) compared with areas without fishing restrictions (127 kg/ha ± 13 SE; 85 mm TL ± 0.7). We estimated the biomass of fish removed during one of the harvest events was 5 to 10% of the available biomass within the restricted area, and in underwater visual surveys conducted before and after a harvesting event we detected no effect of harvesting on fish stocks. Compliance with the fishing restriction is attributed to its perceived legitimacy, its ability to provide the community with direct and indirect benefits, and its reflection of local socioeconomic circumstances. Limited-take closure systems that can serve the needs of a community may provide a viable conservation alternative in situations where compliance with fully closed protected-area regulations is low and resources for proper enforcement are untenable.

Conservation and Community Benefits from Traditional Coral Reef Management at Ahus Island, Papua New Guinea

Community-based coastal resources management has become a popular approach to marine conservation and sustainable fisheries management in the Asia-Pacific region One premise of this approach is that enforcement of community management initiatives is the primary responsibility of the community and that, in most instances, they have the capability to effectively enforce locally developed regulations and rules The socioeconomic theory of resource management compliance is reviewed and applied to community-based case examples from North Sulawesi, Indonesia Compliance with nondestructive exploitation practices in several village sites, empirically measured by changes in live hard coral cover, was related to reef distance from a settlement area and not significantly related to visibility from a settlement A typology of enforcement strategies relative to the type of violator and violation is presented In certain instances, a comanagement approach is preferred in order to achieve effective enforcement and hig

Compliance and Enforcement of Community-Based Coastal Resource Management Regulations in North Sulawesi, Indonesia

The paper reviews the following three types of mangrove-shrimp systems: (i) integrated with canals between platforms planted with mangrove; (ii) associated having larger areas of water and a large mangrove area; and (iii) separated, with a dyke separating ponds from forest The variations in shrimp yield of integrated and associated systems, that is, mixed systems, are attributable to water exchange, % water surface, primary production, stocking of post-larvae, leaf litter fall and decomposition, species, cover and age of mangrove, and predators Leaf litter from all mangrove species except Nipa palm adversely affect water quality Leaf composition and decomposition rate vary between species; submersed leaves decompose faster Low concentrations of decomposing leaves of certain species temporarily boosted shrimp growth Shrimp yield has been found to be highest in ponds with 30–50% mangrove cover, but remained

Shrimp-based livelihoods in mangrove silvo-aquaculture farming systems

https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A3157150/view

Effects of different management regimes on mangrove ecosystem services in Java, Indonesia

Indonesia is home to the largest area of mangrove forests in the world. Urban expansion, aquaculture farms, oil-palm plantations and timber extraction have caused an estimated decline of about 1.2 million hectares of Indonesias mangroves since the 1980s, and currently only 3 million hectares remain. The major cause of mangrove conversion is aquaculture expansion. Assessing global values of mangrove ecosystem services has been useful to draw attention to the value of mangroves for humans, but these values cannot simply be extrapolated to specific areas and as such cannot inform management. Most valuation studies of mangrove ecosystem services talk about mangroves that are in reality subject to widely different management regimes and as such are difficult to compare. This is one of the explanations for the wide ranges in values. Making sound decisions on management of (former) mangrove systems requires knowledge on the impact of management on the provisioning of all relevant ecosystem services. However, mangrove ecosystem services provision is rarely directly linked to management. Our report intends to fill this gap. This report reviews the current state of mangrove ecosystem services and relates their provision to different mangrove management regimes in Java, Indonesia. Based on our findings, decision makers and managers should be able to explore the crucial elements of optimal coastal management, by considering which management purpose will result in the provision of which bundle of ecosystem services. More specifically, this report details which ecosystem properties underpin ecosystem service provision, and describes state and performance indicators for seven ecosystem services: food, raw materials, coastal protection, carbon sequestration, water purification, nursery for fish and shrimp, and nature-based recreation. Mangrove tree age (and related height, diameter, root length, species richness and structural complexity) were found crucial for all seven ecosystem services. This reports typology of management regimes is new to science, in that it develops a full range of ten specific management characteristics and indicators, and eight ecological characteristics. The typology used the local variation in legislation and management activities. Moreover, the easily measurable ecological characteristics served to both verify management regimes on location and to quantify ecosystem services. A rapid field assessment was conducted to verify the management regimes. This studys typology is firmly rooted in scientific literature and Javanese legislation, and enables a consistent indicator-based comparison of ecosystem service provision for multiple management regimes. A further novelty in the typology is the inclusion of silvo-fishery, eco-certified aquaculture and the comparison between natural and converted mangrove systems (i.e. aquaculture). Our review yielded nine different silvo-fishery models that vary widely in their management and ecological characteristics and, therefore, the ability to provide ecosystem services. Comparing mangrove management regimes to aquaculture regimes enables decision makers to compare trade-offs for the first time. Natural mangroves were found to score highest for all ecosystem services except food. Conversely, mangroves converted to aquaculture received the maximum score for food production, but this coincides with low or even negative provision of all other ecosystem services. Such disservices are high carbon emissions, wave height increase (increasing flood risk) and water pollution. Nevertheless, fishery yields in more natural mangrove systems compare in magnitude (in terms of kg/ha/yr) to aquaculture, while also providing additional benefits. However, this may entail a wide variety of species in the case of mangroves while aquaculture delivers specific target species. Mangrove plantations and silvo-fisheries, which combine rehabilitation with raw materials and shrimp provision, respectively, also outscore mangroves converted for aquaculture. This clearly indicates the merits of restoring mangroves formerly used for intensive land use.

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Audrie J. Siahainenia

Papers

Compliance and Enforcement of Community-Based Coastal Resource Management Regulations in North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Shrimp-based livelihoods in mangrove silvo-aquaculture farming systems

Effects of different management regimes on mangrove ecosystem services in Java, Indonesia

Effects of different management regimes on mangrove ecosystem services in Java, Indonesia

Panduan Pemantauan Terumbu Karang Berbasis Masyarakat dengan Metode Manta-Tow