J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

Nanofluids are potential heat transfer fluids with enhanced thermophysical properties and heat transfer performance can be applied in many devices for better performances (i.e. energy, heat transfer and other performances). In this paper, a comprehensive literature on the applications and challenges of nanofluids have been compiled and reviewed. Latest up to date literatures on the applications and challenges in terms of PhD and Master thesis, journal articles, conference proceedings, reports and web materials have been reviewed and reported. Recent researches have indicated that substitution of conventional coolants by nanofluids appears promising. Specific application of nanofluids in engine cooling, solar water heating, cooling of electronics, cooling of transformer oil, improving diesel generator efficiency, cooling of heat exchanging devices, improving heat transfer efficiency of chillers, domestic refrigerator-freezers, cooling in machining, in nuclear reactor and defense and space have been reviewed and presented. Authors also critically analyzed some of the applications and identified research gaps for further research. Moreover, challenges and future directions of applications of nanofluids have been reviewed and presented in this paper. Based on results available in the literatures, it has been found nanofluids have a much higher and strongly temperature-dependent thermal conductivity at very low particle concentrations than conventional fluids. This can be considered as one of the key parameters for enhanced performances for many of the applications of nanofluids. Because of its superior thermal performances, latest up to date literatures on this property have been summarized and presented in this paper as well. However, few barriers and challenges that have been identified in this review must be addressed carefully before it can be fully implemented in the industrial applications.

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A review on applications and challenges of nanofluids

In this review we will explore recent advances in the design and application of excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer (ESIPT) based fluorescent probes. Fluorescence based sensors and imaging agents (probes) are important in biology, physiology, pharmacology, and environmental science for the selective detection of biologically and/or environmentally important species. The development of ESIPT-based fluorescence probes is particularly attractive due to their unique properties, which include a large Stokes shift, environmental sensitivity and potential for ratiometric sensing.

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Excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer (ESIPT) based fluorescence sensors and imaging agents

The use of enzymes or microorganisms in food preparations is an age-old process. With the advancement of technology, novel enzymes with wide range of applications and specificity have been developed and new application areas are still being explored. Microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast and fungi and their enzymes are widely used in several food preparations for improving the taste and texture and they offer huge economic benefits to industries. Microbial enzymes are the preferred source to plants or animals due to several advantages such as easy, cost-effective and consistent production. The present review discusses the recent advancement in enzyme technology for food industries. A comprehensive list of enzymes used in food processing, the microbial source of these enzymes and the wide range of their application are discussed.

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Applications of Microbial Enzymes in Food Industry.

The role of electrical insulation is critical for the proper operation of electrical equipment. Power equipment cannot operate without energy losses, which lead to rises in temperature. It is therefore essential to dissipate the heat generated by the energy losses, especially under high load conditions. Failing to do so results in premature aging, and ultimately to failure of the equipment. Heat dissipation can be achieved by circulating certain liquids, which also ensure electrical insulation of energized conductors. The insulating-fluids market is therefore likely to be dominated by liquids, leaving to gases (such as compressed air and SF6) limited applications in power equipment such as circuit breakers and switchgear [1]-[3]. Several billion liters of insulating liquids are used worldwide in power equipment such as transformers (power, rectifier, distribution, traction, furnace, potential, current) [4], resistors [5], reactors [6], capacitors [7], cables [8], bushings [9], circuit breakers [10], tap changers [11], thyristor cooling in power electronics, etc. [12]. In addition to their main functions of protecting solid insulation, quenching arc discharges, and dissipating heat, insulating liquids can also act as acoustic dampening media in power equipment such as transformers. More importantly, they provide a convenient means of routine evaluation of the condition of electrical equipment over its service life. Indeed, liquids play a vital role in maintaining the equipment in good condition (like blood in the human body). In particular they are responsible for the functional serviceability of the dielectric (insulation) system, the condition of which can be a decisive factor in determining the life span of the equipment [13]. Testing the physicochemical and electrical properties of the liquids can provide information on incipient electrical and mechanical failures. In some equipment, liquid samples can be obtained without service interruption.

50 years in the development of insulating liquids

Esterase plays a major role in the degradation of natural materials and industrial pollutants, viz, cereal wastes, plastics, and other toxic chemicals It is useful in the synthesis of optically pure compounds, perfumes, and antioxidants The potential applications of esterase with reference to agriculture, food, and pharmaceutical industries, are discussed in this review Promising applications in this avenue can be supported by appropriate production strategies

Production and applications of esterases

Studies on batch adsorptive removal of malachite green from synthetic wastewater using acid treated coffee husk: Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic studies

The ability of conventional fluids to conduct heat is significantly inferior to solids. The motivation to increase fluid thermal characteristics is not a novel idea. Initial experiments involved adding solid particles with more desirable properties to the base fluid under the hypothesis that the overall mixture's thermal behaviour would be more favourable. The recent advance in materials technology has made it possible by producing nanofluids. These are produced by suspending metallic or nonmetallic nanometer-sized solid particles in base fluids. These suspended nanoparticles can change the transport and thermal properties of the base fluid. The aim of this review is to summarize recent developments in research on the stability, enhancement of thermal conductivities, viscosity and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids. As is evident in this report, extensive research has been carried out in Alumina-water and CuO-water systems besides few reports in Cu-water, and carbon nanotube (CNT) based systems. ...

NanoFluids—A New Promising Fluid for Cooling

Optimization, Kinetics, and Equilibrium Studies on the Removal of Lead(II) from an Aqueous Solution Using Banana Pseudostem as an Adsorbent

The magnetic composite of coffee husk hydrochar-Fe3O4 (MCHH) was synthesized and employed as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from synthetic wastewater. The coffee husk hydrochar was prepared by hydrothermal carbonization, and magnetic composite was produced through the chemical co-precipitation method. The physicochemical properties of the magnetic composite was analyzed by PZC, PXRD, SEM, FTIR, and VSM. The characterization results indicated successful incorporation of iron oxide particles into coffee husk hydrochar. The influence of adsorbent dose (0.2–1.4 g/L), pH (2−10), initial MB concentration (50–250 mg/L), contact time (0–160 min) and temperature (30–60 °C) on adsorption of MB on MCHH were studied. The adsorption equilibrium and kinetic studies suggested that the Freundlich isotherm model adequately explains the adsorption process and pseudo-second-order kinetic model could be regressed well with the experimental kinetics data. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB on MCHH was found to be 78 mg/g. Mass transfer analysis was also studied in order to understand the diffusion process in the adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters are evaluated to elucidate the nature of the adsorption of MB onto MCHH. Good adsorption efficiency and easy recovery ability of MCHH suggests it could be a cost-effective adsorbent for the removal of dyes from wastewater.

B. S. Gowrishankar

Papers

Production and applications of esterases

Studies on batch adsorptive removal of malachite green from synthetic wastewater using acid treated coffee husk: Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic studies

NanoFluids—A New Promising Fluid for Cooling

Optimization, Kinetics, and Equilibrium Studies on the Removal of Lead(II) from an Aqueous Solution Using Banana Pseudostem as an Adsorbent

Magnetic modification of coffee husk hydrochar for adsorptive removal of methylene blue: Isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic studies