This paper reviews various results related to the single-particle structure in spherical and deformed nuclei, discussed from the viewpoint of the so-called shell-correction method. This method stresses the importance of large-scale nonuniformities in the energy distribution of the individual particles especially near the Fermi energy. The way in which these nonuniformities affect in an essential way many nuclear properties, such as the shape stiffness, the spatial density distribution, the total mass of the nucleus, the mass and inertia of the nuclear shape variations, etc. is also discussed. Against this background, the behavior of the nuclear deformation energy is described, in particular for larger distortions relevant to the fission process. In this connection, some qualitative singularities of the phenomenological liquid-drop deformation energy at large shape distortions are pointed out, and their possible implications for fission are discussed. As the problems considered cover a wide range of nuclear properties, this paper is not a review in the narrow sense of the word. Comparison with other approaches as well as historic references are given mainly to clarify specific points, because a complete review would be a monumental undertaking.

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Funny Hills: The Shell-Correction Approach to Nuclear Shell Effects and Its Applications to the Fission Process

RIPL – Reference Input Parameter Library for Calculation of Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Data Evaluations

Energy levels of Z = 11−21 nuclei (IV)

Energy levels of A = 21−44 nuclei (V)

https://www.cns.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~shimoura/research/nuc_data/pdf/11.pdf

Energy levels of light nuclei A = 11-12

https://escholarship.org/content/qt6h68f2k7/qt6h68f2k7.pdf?t=p06n5m

Determination of Y40 and Y60 components in the shapes of rare earth nuclei

https://escholarship.org/content/qt73d377r3/qt73d377r3.pdf?t=p0fvlf

A new eluant for the separation of the actinide elements

A description of some of the chemical properties and of the methods used in the separations of elements 99 and 100 is given. The new elements exhibit the properties expected for the tenth and eleventh actinide elements. Attempts to produce an oxidation state greater than 111 of element 99 have been successful. In normal aqueous media only the 111 state of element 100 appears to exist. The relative spacings of the elution peaks of the new elements in some separations with ion exchange resin columns are the same as the relative spacings of the homologous lanthanide elements. The results of experiments involving cation exchange resins with very concentrated hydrochloric acid eluant show that the new elements, like the earlier actinides, are more strongly complexed than the lanthanides. The new elements also exist partially as anions in concentrated hydrochloric acid, as do earlier actinide elements, and they may be partially separated from each other by means of ion exchange resins. With some eluants interesting reversals of elution positions are observed in the region Bk-Cf-99-100, indicating complex ion formation involving unusual factors.

/pdf/chemical-properties-of-elements-99-and-100-1u8fpe17vm.pdf

Chemical Properties of Elements 99 and 100

The ($\ensuremath{\alpha}, d$) reactions on targets of $^{13}\mathrm{C}$, $^{14}\mathrm{C}$, $^{15}\mathrm{N}$, and $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ were studied using $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle beams of 401, 460, 454, and 445 MeV, respectively Angular distributions were obtained States where the captured protonneutron pair is in the ${{(1{d}_{\frac{5}{2}})}_{5+,0}}^{2}$ configuration coupled to an unperturbed target core are located and possible spin assignments are suggested These states are $^{15}\mathrm{N}$, 1303 MeV ($\frac{11}{2}\ensuremath{-}$), 1195 MeV ($\frac{9}{2}\ensuremath{-}$); $^{16}\mathrm{N}$, 575 MeV (5+); $^{17}\mathrm{O}$, 774 MeV ($\frac{11}{2}\ensuremath{-}$), 914 MeV ($\frac{9}{2}\ensuremath{-}$); $^{22}\mathrm{Na}$, 1528 MeV (5+) Separated isotopes $^{52}\mathrm{Cr}$, $^{54,56}\mathrm{Fe}$, $^{58,60,62}\mathrm{Ni}$, and $^{64,66,68}\mathrm{Zn}$ were used as targets to study the ($\ensuremath{\alpha}, d$) reaction with a 50-MeV $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle beam States with a probable configuration of ${{(1{g}_{\frac{9}{2}})}_{9+,0}}^{2}$ were located These states are $^{54}\mathrm{Mn}$, 947 MeV; $^{56}\mathrm{Co}$, 892 MeV; $^{58}\mathrm{Co}$, 679 MeV; $^{60}\mathrm{Cu}$, 599 MeV; $^{62}\mathrm{Cu}$, 475 MeV; $^{64}\mathrm{Cu}$, 457 MeV; $^{66}\mathrm{Ga}$, 299 MeV; $^{68}\mathrm{Ga}$, 288 MeV; $^{70}\mathrm{Ga}$, 288 MeV The residual-interaction energies between the proton and neutron in the configurations ${{(1{d}_{\frac{5}{2}})}_{5+,0}}^{2}$, ${{(1{f}_{\frac{7}{2}})}_{7+,0}}^{2}$, and ${{(1{g}_{\frac{9}{2}})}_{9+,0}}^{2}$ were derived from the excitation energies determined in the present work and previous work on ${{(1{d}_{\frac{5}{2}})}_{5+,0}}^{2}$ and ${{(1{f}_{\frac{7}{2}})}_{7+,0}}^{2}$ states For ${T}_{z}\ensuremath{\ne}0$ nuclides, an "interactionmodel" method was proposed to extract the residual-interaction energy The mean values of the residualinteraction energies are about -39, -30, and -22 MeV, respectively, for the three mentioned configurations There is a slight decrease of residual-interaction energy with increasing $A$ These results are reproduced satisfactorily by conventional shell-model calculations Both the interaction-model method and Talmi's shell-model calculation method were used to calculate the excitation energies of states with the ${{(1{d}_{\frac{5}{2}})}_{5+,0}}^{2}$ configuration In general, the former method gives better agreement with the experimental results

/pdf/high-spin-states-of-configuration-1-d-5-2-5-0-2-and-1-g-9-2-4boord9uy3.pdf

High-Spin States of Configuration ( 1 d 5 2 ) 5 + , 0 2 and ( 1 g 9 2 ) 9 + , 0 2 Strongly Populated by the ( α , d ) Reaction

We have produced and chemically identified for the first time a few atoms of the element with atomic number 101. Very intense helium ion bombardments of tiny targets of 99{sup 253} have produced a few spontaneously fissionable atoms which elute in the eka-thulium position on a cation resin column.

/pdf/new-element-mendelevium-atomic-number-101-452xdpdv0m.pdf

Bernard G. Harvey

Papers

Determination of Y40 and Y60 components in the shapes of rare earth nuclei

A new eluant for the separation of the actinide elements

Chemical Properties of Elements 99 and 100

High-Spin States of Configuration ( 1 d 5 2 ) 5 + , 0 2 and ( 1 g 9 2 ) 9 + , 0 2 Strongly Populated by the ( α , d ) Reaction

New Element Mendelevium, Atomic Number 101