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Species Diversity In Space And Time

Species Diversity in Space and Time

Foreword Preface Contributors Participating Institutions Acknowledgements 1. Biodiversity: Our Precious Heritage 2. Discovering Life in America: Tools and Techniques of Biodiversity Inventory 3. A Remarkable Array: Species Diversity in the United States 4. Conservation Status of U.S. Species 5. State of the States: Geographic Patterns of Diversity, Rarity, and Endemism 6. The Geography of Imperilment: Targeting Conservation towards Critical Biodiversity Areas 7. More than the Sum of the Parts: Diversity and Status of Ecological Systems 8. Leading Threats to U.S. Biodiversity: What's Threatening Imperiled Species 9. Strategies for Biodiversity Protection 10. Owning Up to Our Responsibilities: Who Owns Lands Important for Biodiversity? 11. Safeguarding Our Precious Heritage Appendix A: Extinct and missing species of the United States Appendix B: State Diversity, Endemism, and Rarity Appendix C: Kuchler Potential Natural Vegetation Types Appendix D: Principal Sources for the Natural Heritage Central Databases Literature Cited

Wisdom and Wonder@@@2000. Precious Heritage: The Status of Biodiversity in the United States

DNA sampled from the environment (eDNA) is a useful way to uncover biodiversity patterns. By combining a conceptual model and empirical data, we test whether eDNA transported in river networks can be used as an integrative way to assess eukaryotic biodiversity for broad spatial scales and across the land–water interface. Using an eDNA metabarcode approach, we detect 296 families of eukaryotes, spanning 19 phyla across the catchment of a river. We show for a subset of these families that eDNA samples overcome spatial autocorrelation biases associated with the classical community assessments by integrating biodiversity information over space. In addition, we demonstrate that many terrestrial species are detected; thus suggesting eDNA in river water also incorporates biodiversity information across terrestrial and aquatic biomes. Environmental DNA transported in river networks offers a novel and spatially integrated way to assess the total biodiversity for whole landscapes and will transform biodiversity data acquisition in ecology. DNA of a given organism can be detected from its surroundings. Here, Deiner and colleagues use so-called environmental DNA to estimate biodiversity of both aquatic and terrestrial organisms in and near river.

Environmental DNA reveals that rivers are conveyer belts of biodiversity information

Misperceptions about the world's grassy biomes contribute to their alarming rates of loss due to conversion for agriculture and tree plantations, as well as to forest encroachment. To illustrate the causes and consequences of these misperceptions, we show that the World Resources Institute and the International Union for Conservation of Nature misidentified 9 million square kilometers of ancient grassy biomes as providing “Opportunities” for forest restoration. Establishment of forests in these grasslands, savannas, and open-canopy woodlands would devastate biodiversity and ecosystem services. Such undesired outcomes are avoidable if the distinct ecologies and conservation needs of forest and grassy biomes become better integrated into science and policy. To start with, scientists should create maps that accurately depict grassy biomes at global and landscape scales. It is also crucial that international environmental agreements (e.g., the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) formally recognize grassy biomes and their environmental values.

Where Tree Planting and Forest Expansion are Bad for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

Biodiversity hotspots are conservation priorities. We identify the North American Coastal Plain (NACP) as a global hotspot based on the classic definition, a region with > 1500 endemic plant species and > 70% habitat loss. This region has been bypassed in prior designations due to misconceptions and myths about its ecology and history. These fallacies include: (1) young age of the NACP, climatic instability over time and submergence during high sea-level stands; (2) climatic and environmental homogeneity; (3) closed forest as the climax vegetation; and (4) fire regimes that are mostly anthropogenic. We show that the NACP is older and more climatically stable than usually assumed, spatially heterogeneous and extremely rich in species and endemics for its range of latitude, especially within pine savannas and other mostly herbaceous and fire-dependent communities. We suspect systematic biases and misconceptions, in addition to missing information, obscure the existence of similarly biologically significant regions world-wide. Potential solutions to this problem include (1) increased field biological surveys and taxonomic determinations, especially within grassy biomes and regions with low soil fertility, which tend to have much overlooked biodiversity; (2) more research on the climatic refugium role of hotspots, given that regions of high endemism often coincide with regions with low velocity of climate change; (3) in low-lying coastal regions, consideration of the heterogeneity in land area generated by historically fluctuating sea levels, which likely enhanced opportunities for evolution of endemic species; and (4) immediate actions to establish new protected areas and implement science-based management to restore evolutionary environmental conditions in newly recognized hotspots.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ddi.12278

How global biodiversity hotspots may go unrecognized: Lessons from the North American Coastal Plain

This study is a compilation of vascular flora data from previous reports and current findings from 1965 through 2003 of Fort Bragg Military Reservation and Weymouth Woods Sandhills Nature Preserve, located in the Sandhills region of North Carolina. Vascular plants are divided into four major groups: Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms (monocots) and Angiosperms (dicots). Reported for the study area are 143 families, 490 genera, and 1,206 species and infraspecific taxa, of which 203 (16.8%) are alien or adventive. Sixty one species are rare, of which three are federally endangered: Lysimachia asperulifolia, Rhus michauxii, and Schwalbea americana. The following five species are currently known in North Carolina only from study area populations: Carex tenax, Hypericum fasciculatum, Pteroglossaspis ecristata, Rhynchospora crinipes, and Warea cuneifolia. This study documents the importance of Fort Bragg Military Reservation and Weymouth Woods Preserve in contributing to the floristic diversity of...

The Vascular Flora of the Longleaf Pine Ecosystem of Fort Bragg and Weymouth Woods, North Carolina

Question: Can the geographic patterning of endemic plant species inform reserve selection in a region of high endemism? Location: The southeastern Coastal Plain of North America, focusing primarily on the imperiled Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) ecosystem. Methods: We documented the high level of plant endemism in the region, and characterized the endemic taxa into distributional subregions. Results: A total of 1630 plant taxa are endemic to the Coastal Plain, a large proportion of which are endemic to phytogeographical subregions within the Coastal Plain, with particularly large numbers of narrow endemics occurring in the East Gulf Coastal Plain and Florida Peninsula. Conclusions: This pattern of local endemism presents challenges in conserving the full biota of the region: a reserve system focusing on few and large conservation areas has theoretical benefits for long-term management and viability, but will fail to capture many local endemics. We propose that the dispersed distribution of endem...

Conservation of the endangered Pinus palustris ecosystem based on Coastal Plain centres of plant endemism

As part of ongoing efforts to understand and document the flora of the southeastern United States, a number of taxonomic changes at generic, specific, and infraspecific rank are made. We also discuss and clarify the recommended taxonomy for other taxa (not requiring nomenclatural acts) and present a point of view about the practical and philosophic basis for making taxonomic changes in an allegedly well-understood flora. The genera (and families) affected are Allium (Alliaceae), Erigeron, Liatris, and Trilisa (Asteraceae), Calycanthus (Calycanthaceae), Gaylussacia (Ericaceae), Dalea and Mimosa (Fabaceae), Hydrophyllum (Hydrophyllaceae), Didymoglossum (Hymenophyllaceae), Monarda (Lamiaceae), Kosteletzkya and Sida (Malvaceae), Narthecium (Nartheciaceae), Agalinis, Melampyrum, and Orobanche/Aphyllon/Myzorrhiza (Orobanchaceae), Dichanthelium and Elymus (Poaceae), Clematis (Ranunculaceae), and Maianthemum (Ruscaceae).

/pdf/new-combinations-rank-changes-and-nomenclatural-and-3fbkbrfbjw.pdf

New combinations, rank changes, and nomenclatural and taxonomic comments in the vascular flora of the southeastern united states

The non-native vascular flora of Massachusetts is listed with earliest and latest dates of occurrence. Each entry is annotated to indicate which taxa have become established members of the flora and which have not. Specimen data were compiled from over 25 herbaria, supplemented by reports from early floristic publications. A total of 1317 non-native taxa are documented; 737 are treated as established members of the state's flora (29% of the flora); 23 taxa persist at or near former human habitations (1%); 559 taxa are treated as non-established waifs (22%). The current figure of 30% alien taxa is similar to other New England states and is a significant reduction from the 45% tallied in the 1999 state flora. A revised statistical summary of the state's vascular flora is provided.

https://bioone.org/journals/Rhodora/volume-107/issue-931/0035-4902(2005)107[0284:AVPIM]2.0.CO;2/Alien-vascular-plants-in-Massachusetts/10.3119/0035-4902(2005)107[0284:AVPIM]2.0.CO;2.pdf

Bruce A. Sorrie

Papers

How global biodiversity hotspots may go unrecognized: Lessons from the North American Coastal Plain

The Vascular Flora of the Longleaf Pine Ecosystem of Fort Bragg and Weymouth Woods, North Carolina

Conservation of the endangered Pinus palustris ecosystem based on Coastal Plain centres of plant endemism

New combinations, rank changes, and nomenclatural and taxonomic comments in the vascular flora of the southeastern united states

Alien vascular plants in Massachusetts