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https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2019/NP/C8NP00092A

Marine natural products.

Advances in flavonoid research since 1992.

■ Abstract Apoptosis is a genetically programmed, morphologically distinct form of cell death that can be triggered by a variety of physiological and pathological stimuli. Studies performed over the past 10 years have demonstrated that proteases play critical roles in initiation and execution of this process. The caspases, a family of cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases, are prominent among the death proteases. Caspases are synthesized as relatively inactive zymogens that become activated by scaffold-mediated transactivation or by cleavage via upstream proteases in an intracellular cascade. Regulation of caspase activation and activity occurs at several different levels: ( a) Zymogen gene transcription is regulated; ( b) antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family and other cellular polypeptides block proximity-induced activation of certain procaspases; and ( c) certain cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (cIAPs) can bind to and inhibit active caspases. Once activated, caspases cleave a variety of intracellular polypeptides, including major structural elements of the cytoplasm and nucleus, components of the DNA repair machinery, and a number of protein kinases. Collectively, these scissions disrupt survival pathways and disassemble important architectural components of the cell, contributing to the stereotypic morphological and biochemical changes that characterize apoptotic cell death.

Mammalian caspases: structure ,a ctivation ,s ubstrates, and functions during apoptosis

Acetylcholinesterase is involved in the termination of impulse transmission by rapid hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in numerous cholinergic pathways in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The enzyme inactivation, induced by various inhibitors, leads to acetylcholine accumulation, hyperstimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, and disrupted neurotransmission. Hence, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, interacting with the enzyme as their primary target, are applied as relevant drugs and toxins. This review presents an overview of toxicology and pharmacology of reversible and irreversible acetylcholinesterase inactivating compounds. In the case of reversible inhibitors being commonly applied in neurodegenerative disorders treatment, special attention is paid to currently approved drugs (donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine) in the pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease, and toxic carbamates used as pesticides. Subsequently, mechanism of irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibition induced by organophosphorus compounds (insecticides and nerve agents), and their specific and nonspecific toxic effects are described, as well as irreversible inhibitors having pharmacological implementation. In addition, the pharmacological treatment of intoxication caused by organophosphates is presented, with emphasis on oxime reactivators of the inhibited enzyme activity administering as causal drugs after the poisoning. Besides, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides can be detoxified in mammals through enzymatic hydrolysis before they reach targets in the nervous system. Carboxylesterases most effectively decompose carbamates, whereas the most successful route of organophosphates detoxification is their degradation by corresponding phosphotriesterases.

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Pharmacology and Toxicology

As a result of cytotoxic compounds against cancer cell lines from natural sources, senven compounds were isolated from the leaf and twig of Acer okamotoanum Nakai. The compounds (1-7) were identified as ethyl gallate (1), methyl gallate (2), gallic acid (3), trans (4), acertannin (5), nikoenoside (6), and fraxin (7) by physicochemical and spectroscopic data (including mp, UV, IR, MS, , DEPT, and HMBC) in comparison with those of published papers. All the compounds were tested for their cytotoxic activity against L1210, HL-60, K562, and B16F10 cancer cell lines in vitro by MTT assay method. Compounds 1-3 and 5 showed cytotoxic activity against all tested cell lines with values ranged from 12.5 to . Of the compounds, methyl gallate (2) exhibited the most potent cytotoxic activity against L1210, HL-60, K562, and B16F10 tumor cells with values of 12.5, 48.3, 22.8, and , respectively. Other compounds did not show any cytotoxic activity against four cancer cell lines.

Chemical Constituents from the Leaf and Twig of Acer okamotoanum Nakai and their Cytotoxicity

Investigation of chemical compounds from Chlamydomonas sp. KSF108 (Chlamydomonadaceae)

Four coumarins (1-4) and one polyacetylene (5) were isolated from the roots of Anglica purpuraefolia Chung (Umbelliferae) through repeated column chromatography. Four coumarins, isoscopoletin (1), oxypeucedanin hydrate (2), arnottinin (3) and isokhellactone (4), and a polyacetylene, (+)-9(Z), 17-octadecadience-12,14-diyne-1,11,16-triol (5), were identified by spectroscopic analysis including two dimensional NMR and mass. These compounds were examined for their anti-complement activity against the classical pathway of the complement system. However, compounds 1-5 were inactive in this assay system.

Coumarins and a Polyacetylene from the Roots of Angelica purpuraefolia

− Activity-guided separation of the methylene chloride-soluble fraction of the leaves of Zanthoxylum schinifolium, resulted in the isolation of four coumarinoids (1 − 4), two triterpenoids (5, 6) and three fatty acid derivatives (7 − 9) as active principles. Their chemical structures were identified as collinin (1), 8-methoxyanisocoumarin (2), 7-(6'R-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylocta-2',7'-dienyloxy)-coumarin (3), (E)-4-methly-6-(coumarin-7'-yloxy) hex-4-enal (4), lupeol (5), epi-lupeol (6), phytol (7), hexadec-3-enoic acid (8) and palmitic acid (9), on the basis of spectroscopic (1D, 2D and MS) data analyses and comparing with the data published in the literatures. Compounds 1 and 7 showed potent cytotoxicity against Jurkat T cells with IC50 values of 45.58 and 47.51 μM, respectively. The others showed moderate activity with IC50 values ranging around 80.58 to 85.83 μM, while the positive control, auraptene, possessed an IC50 value of 55.36 μM.

Articles : Bioactive Constituents from the Leaves of Zanthoxylum schinifolium

To determine the cytotoxic activity of natural compounds, chromatographic separation of the hexanesoluble fraction from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum led to the isolation of four steroids and one triterpenoid. They were identified as ergosterol peroxide (1), stella sterol (2), ergosterol (3), 9(11)-dehydroergostrol peroxide (4), and ganodermanontriol (5) based on spectroscopic evidence and physicochemical properties. These compounds were examined for their cytotoxic activity against HL-60, MCF-7, and LLC cancer cell lines. Ganodermanontriol (5) showed cytotoxic activity with IC values of 24.8 and 22.9 g/mL against HL-60 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, respectively, whereas compounds 1 - 4 were inactive.

Byung Sun Min

Papers

Chemical Constituents from the Leaf and Twig of Acer okamotoanum Nakai and their Cytotoxicity

Investigation of chemical compounds from Chlamydomonas sp. KSF108 (Chlamydomonadaceae)

Coumarins and a Polyacetylene from the Roots of Angelica purpuraefolia

Articles : Bioactive Constituents from the Leaves of Zanthoxylum schinifolium

Steroids and Triterpenoid from the Fruit Bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and Their Cytotoxic Activity