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https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2019/NP/C8NP00092A

Marine natural products.

Advances in flavonoid research since 1992.

■ Abstract Apoptosis is a genetically programmed, morphologically distinct form of cell death that can be triggered by a variety of physiological and pathological stimuli. Studies performed over the past 10 years have demonstrated that proteases play critical roles in initiation and execution of this process. The caspases, a family of cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases, are prominent among the death proteases. Caspases are synthesized as relatively inactive zymogens that become activated by scaffold-mediated transactivation or by cleavage via upstream proteases in an intracellular cascade. Regulation of caspase activation and activity occurs at several different levels: ( a) Zymogen gene transcription is regulated; ( b) antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family and other cellular polypeptides block proximity-induced activation of certain procaspases; and ( c) certain cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (cIAPs) can bind to and inhibit active caspases. Once activated, caspases cleave a variety of intracellular polypeptides, including major structural elements of the cytoplasm and nucleus, components of the DNA repair machinery, and a number of protein kinases. Collectively, these scissions disrupt survival pathways and disassemble important architectural components of the cell, contributing to the stereotypic morphological and biochemical changes that characterize apoptotic cell death.

Mammalian caspases: structure ,a ctivation ,s ubstrates, and functions during apoptosis

Acetylcholinesterase is involved in the termination of impulse transmission by rapid hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in numerous cholinergic pathways in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The enzyme inactivation, induced by various inhibitors, leads to acetylcholine accumulation, hyperstimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, and disrupted neurotransmission. Hence, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, interacting with the enzyme as their primary target, are applied as relevant drugs and toxins. This review presents an overview of toxicology and pharmacology of reversible and irreversible acetylcholinesterase inactivating compounds. In the case of reversible inhibitors being commonly applied in neurodegenerative disorders treatment, special attention is paid to currently approved drugs (donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine) in the pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease, and toxic carbamates used as pesticides. Subsequently, mechanism of irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibition induced by organophosphorus compounds (insecticides and nerve agents), and their specific and nonspecific toxic effects are described, as well as irreversible inhibitors having pharmacological implementation. In addition, the pharmacological treatment of intoxication caused by organophosphates is presented, with emphasis on oxime reactivators of the inhibited enzyme activity administering as causal drugs after the poisoning. Besides, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides can be detoxified in mammals through enzymatic hydrolysis before they reach targets in the nervous system. Carboxylesterases most effectively decompose carbamates, whereas the most successful route of organophosphates detoxification is their degradation by corresponding phosphotriesterases.

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Pharmacology and Toxicology

College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan 712-702, Korea. E-mail: woomh@cu.ac.kr College of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea College of Life Science, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan 712-702, Korea Received April 8, 2006

DNA Topoisomerases I and II Inhibition and Cytotoxicity of Constituents from the Roots of Rubia cordifolia.

isolation, structure determination and antiinflammatory activity of three new phenolic compounds (I) and (II) along with four known compounds

Inhibitory Effect on NO Production of Phenolic Compounds from Myristica fragrans

Fourteen triterpenes, lup-20(29)-ene-3β,6β-diol (1), betulin (2), lupeol caffeate (3), 3β-caffeoyloxylup-20(29)-en-6α-ol (4), betulin-3β-yl-caffeate (5), 3β-trans-feruloylbetulin (6), betulinaldehyde 3-caffeate (7), 3-O-trans-caffeoylbetulinic acid (8), dammarenediol II 3-caffeate (9), 12-oleanene-3β,6α-diol (10), 11α-hydroxy-3β-amyrin (11), nivadiol (12), 29-hydroxyfriedelin (13), and celastrusin A (14) were isolated from Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. and evaluated for their activity on receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation in bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). Compounds betulin (2), betulin-3β-yl-caffeate (5), 3β-trans-feruloylbetulin (6), and 3-O-trans-caffeoylbetulinic acid (8) significantly inhibited osteoclast formation in a dose-dependent manner. Among these, betulin-3β-yl-caffeate (5) exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity. We demonstrated that betulin-3β-yl-caffeate (5) suppressed F-actin-ring formation and bone resorption activity. At the molecular level, betulin-3β-yl-caffeate (5) inhibited RANK-induced expression of c-Fos and the induction of nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1), a key transcription factor for osteoclast formation, and it also downregulated mRNA expression of osteogenesis-associated marker genes including tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP), and matrix metalloprotein (MMP). These results indicate that betulin-3β-yl-caffeate (5) may be a promising candidate for the treatment of osteoclast-related diseases such as osteoporosis.

Triterpenoids from Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption via c-Fos signaling.

E-mail: woomh@cu.ac.krReceived May 2, 2013, Accepted June 18, 2013Activity-directed isolation of the methylene chloride fraction from the stems of Parthenocissus tricuspidatahave led to the identification of two new compounds (1−2): 1-(2',3',5'-trihydroxyphenyl)-2-(4"-hydroxyphenyl)-ethane-1,2-(E)-epoxide (1, tricuspidatin A) and erythro-1-(3',5'-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(4"-hydroxyphenyl)-ethane-1,2-diol ( 2, tricuspidatin B), together with four known compounds ( 3−6): β-sitosterol ( 3), nonacosan-1-ol (4), 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid hexacosyl ester (5) and betulinic acid (6). Theirchemical structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic (IR, UV, MS, 1D and 2D NMR) and physico-chemical analyses. Compounds 1 and 2 showed strong DNA topoisomerase II inhibitory activity at bothconcentrations of 20 and 100 µM. In addition, 3 exhibited strong cytotoxic activity against the HT-29 andHepG2 cancer cell lines, and 6 showed strong cytotoxicity against the HT-29 and MCF-7 ones.Key Words : Parthenocissus tricuspidata , Vitaceae, DNA topoisomerases I and II, CytotoxicityIntroductionDNA topoisomerases are enzymes involved in the relaxa-tion of DNA during a number of critical cellular processes,including replication, recombination, and transcription bytransiently breaking one or two strands of DNA, passing asingle- or double-stranded DNA through the break, andresealing the break.

DNA Topoisomerases I and II Inhibitory Activity and Cytotoxicity of Compounds from the Stems of Parthenocissus tricuspidata

A simple reversed phase HPLC method was developed for extracting pharmacologically active compounds coptisine, palmatine, berberine, and epiberberine from the roots of Coptis chinensis using a binary gradient of acetonitrile : 10 mM hexanesulfonic acid-Na monohydrate with UV detection at 254 nm. The coptisine (1), palmatine (2), berberine (3), and epiberberine (4) contents of the roots of C. chinensis collected from sixteen district markets in Korea and China were , , , and , respectively.

Byung Sun Min

Papers

DNA Topoisomerases I and II Inhibition and Cytotoxicity of Constituents from the Roots of Rubia cordifolia.

Inhibitory Effect on NO Production of Phenolic Compounds from Myristica fragrans

Triterpenoids from Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption via c-Fos signaling.

DNA Topoisomerases I and II Inhibitory Activity and Cytotoxicity of Compounds from the Stems of Parthenocissus tricuspidata

Quantitative Determination of Protoberebrines from the Roots of Coptis chinensis