Moringa oleifera Lam. (family; Moringaceae), commonly known as drumstick, have been used for centuries as a part of the Ayurvedic system for several diseases without having any scientific data. Demineralized water was used to prepare aqueous extract by maceration for 24 h and complete metabolic profiling was performed using GC-MS and HPLC. Hypoglycemic properties of extract have been tested on carbohydrate digesting enzyme activity, yeast cell uptake, muscle glucose uptake, and intestinal glucose absorption. Type 2 diabetes was induced by feeding high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks and a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 45 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) was used for the induction of type 1 diabetes. Aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaf was given orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg to STZ-induced rats and 200 mg/kg in HFD mice for 3 weeks after diabetes induction. Aqueous extract remarkably inhibited the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase and it displayed improved antioxidant capacity, glucose tolerance and rate of glucose uptake in yeast cell. In STZ-induced diabetic rats, it produces a maximum fall up to 47.86% in acute effect whereas, in chronic effect, it was 44.5% as compared to control. The fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, liver marker enzyme level were significantly (p < 0.05) restored in both HFD and STZ experimental model. Multivariate principal component analysis on polar and lipophilic metabolites revealed clear distinctions in the metabolite pattern in extract and in blood after its oral administration. Thus, the aqueous extract can be used as phytopharmaceuticals for the management of diabetes by using as adjuvants or alone.

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Hypoglycemic Potential of Aqueous Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaf and In Vivo GC-MS Metabolomics.

Comprehensive metabolomic investigations provide a large set of stress-related metabolites and metabolic pathways, advancing crops under heat stress conditions. Metabolomics-assisted breeding, including mQTL and mGWAS boosted our understanding of improving numerous quantitative traits under heat stress. During the past decade, metabolomics has emerged as a fascinating scientific field that includes documentation, evaluation of metabolites, and chemical methods for cell monitoring programs in numerous plant species. A comprehensive metabolome profiling allowed the investigator to handle the comprehensive data groups of metabolites and the equivalent metabolic pathways in an extraordinary manner. Metabolomics, together with transcriptomics, plays an influential role in discovering connections between stress and genes/metabolite, phenotyping, and biomarkers documentation. Further, it helps to decode several metabolic systems connected with heat stress (HS) tolerance in plants. Heat stress is a critical environmental factor that is globally affecting the growth and productivity of plants. Thus, there is an urgent need to exploit modern breeding and biotechnological tools like metabolomics to develop cultivars with improved HS tolerance. Several studies have reported that amino acids, carbohydrates, nitrogen metabolisms, etc. and metabolites involved in the biosynthesis and catalyzing actions play a game-changing role in HS response and help plants to cope with the HS. The use of metabolomics-assisted breeding (MAB) allows a well-organized transmission of higher yield and HS tolerance at the metabolome level with specific properties. Progressive metabolomics systematic techniques have accelerated metabolic profiling. Nonetheless, continuous developments in bioinformatics, statistical tools, and databases are allowing us to produce ever‐progressing, comprehensive insights into the biochemical configuration of plants and by what means this is inclined by genetic and environmental cues. Currently, assimilating metabolomics with post-genomic platforms has allowed a significant division of genetic-phenotypic connotation in several plant species. This review highlights the potential of a state-of-the-art plant metabolomics approach for the improvement of crops under HS. The development of plants with specific properties using integrated omics (metabolomics and transcriptomics) and MAB can provide new directions for future research to enhance HS tolerance in plants to achieve a goal of “zero hunger”.

Metabolomics: a systems biology approach for enhancing heat stress tolerance in plants

Nutritional constituents of mulberry and their potential applications in food and pharmaceuticals: A review.

Background Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is widely used on the world market. Browning of mushroom surface is the most intuitive factor affecting consumer purchase. Developments of browning during postharvest are related to the flush number, mechanical damage, polyphenol oxidase, phenolic compounds, pathogens and postharvest environment. Many techniques such as cooling, modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and coating are developed to control button mushroom browning. Scope and approach In this review, the main factors involved in mushroom browning including mushroom tyrosinase, postharvest factors and pathogen are discussed, and some detection methods for mushroom surface color are introduced. Furthermore, different methods for controlling browning including MAP, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, edible coating, irradiation, cooling and other emerging techniques are reviewed and compared. Key findings and conclusions Internal factors of button mushroom browning include subtracts, enzyme and mushroom cellular integrity, which are affected by postharvest factors such as mechanical damage, temperature, relative humidity, and atmosphere gas. Imaging or computer vision and hyperspectral imaging are emerging methods for the detection of mushroom color and can be used to analyze each pixel of the entire surface of mushrooms. In order to control mushroom browning, preservation methods including MAP, coating, PPO inhibitors and irradiation are extensively studied. In addition, thermally buffered package, commercial film materials and gas composition of MAP, natural coating and PPO inhibitor materials should be investigated in future.

Research advances in browning of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus): Affecting factors and controlling methods

The phytonutrient composition of 5 varieties of black soybeans (Glycine max) and their stability at 22, 4 and −80°C over 14 mo were determined by HPLC systems with electrochemical and UV detection....

Composition and stability of phytochemicals in five varieties of black soybeans (Glycine max)

Validation of medicinal herbs for anti-tyrosinase potential

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal - Modern perspectives of an ancient Rasayana from Ayurveda.

Government policies and initiatives for development of Ayurveda.

Chromatographic profiling of Pancharishta at different stages of its development using HPTLC, HPLC, GC–MS and UPLC–MS

Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a major health challenge all over the world. The disease condition is a byproduct of fast, stressful lifestyle away from nature. In traditional system of medicine like the Ayurveda, the history of the disease “Madhumeha” is recorded. In the Ayurveda several single herbs (51), bhasma metals and minerals (9), herbo-mineral formulations (30), herbal formulations (34), Ghritas (medicated butter) (4), Taila (oil) (5), Asava-aristas (fermented syrup) (6) and Guggulu (Commiphora mukul) preparations (5) have been mentioned for the management of diabetic conditions. In type-2 diabetes mellitus, the postprandial hyperglycemia is one major problem. Novel therapeutic strategies aim to manage this situation with the help of drugs and herbal remedies that can interfere with the carbohydrate metabolizing machinery in our gut. This chapter illustrates various phyto-molecules and herbal extracts that have been proven as α-glucosidase inhibitors and can be developed into drug candidates in the future. The tradition-guided translation paradigm can open up novel opportunities in traditional knowledge-inspired drug discovery against diabetes.

C.K. Katiyar

Papers

Validation of medicinal herbs for anti-tyrosinase potential

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal - Modern perspectives of an ancient Rasayana from Ayurveda.

Government policies and initiatives for development of Ayurveda.

Chromatographic profiling of Pancharishta at different stages of its development using HPTLC, HPLC, GC–MS and UPLC–MS

Antidiabetic natural products