Carlo Vandecasteele

TL;DR: In pressure-driven membrane processes, a pressure exerted on the solution at one side of the membrane serves as a driving force to separate it into a permeate and a retentate as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: In this article, the retention of a series of organic molecules by four nanofiltration membranes was studied, and a good correlation with retention was found for each of the size parameters: molecular weight, the Stokes diameter, the equivalent molar diameter and a diameter obtained with energy minimisation calculations.

TL;DR: An overview of the applications in the drinking water industry that have already been realised or that are suggested on the basis of lab-scale research, and the possibility of using NF for the removal of hardness, natural organic material, micropollutants, viruses and bacteria, salinity, nitrates, and arsenic are discussed.

TL;DR: In this paper, three commercial nanofiltration membranes were studied: two negatively charged (NF 40 and NTR 7450) and one positively charged (UTC 20) and the membrane pore radii were estimated using filtration experiments with uncharged solutes.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of recent process improvements in seawater desalination using reverse osmosis (RO), multi stage flash (MSF), multi effect distillation (MED), electrodialysis (ED), and hybrid processes.