Energy density is the main property of rechargeable batteries that has driven the entire technology forward in past decades. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) now surpass other, previously competitive battery types (for example, lead–acid and nickel metal hydride) but still require extensive further improvement to, in particular, extend the operation hours of mobile IT devices and the driving mileages of all-electric vehicles. In this Review, we present a critical overview of a wide range of post-LIB materials and systems that could have a pivotal role in meeting such demands. We divide battery systems into two categories: near-term and long-term technologies. To provide a realistic and balanced perspective, we describe the operating principles and remaining issues of each post-LIB technology, and also evaluate these materials under commercial cell configurations. Post-lithium-ion batteries are reviewed with a focus on their operating principles, advantages and the challenges that they face. The volumetric energy density of each battery is examined using a commercial pouch-cell configuration to evaluate its practical significance and identify appropriate research directions.

Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities

As the environment preservation gradually becomes a matter of major social concern and more strict legislation is being imposed on effluent discharge, more effective processes are required to deal with non-readily biodegradable and toxic pollutants. Synthetic organic dyes in industrial effluents cannot be destroyed in conventional wastewater treatment and consequently, an urgent challenge is the development of new environmentally benign technologies able to mineralize completely these non-biodegradable compounds. This review aims to increase the knowledge on the electrochemical methods used at lab and pilot plant scale to decontaminate synthetic and real effluents containing dyes, considering the period from 2009 to 2013, as an update of our previous review up to 2008. Fundamentals and main applications of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes and the other electrochemical approaches are described. Typical methods such as electrocoagulation, electrochemical reduction, electrochemical oxidation and indirect electro-oxidation with active chlorine species are discussed. Recent advances on electrocatalysis related to the nature of anode material to generate strong heterogeneous OH as mediated oxidant of dyes in electrochemical oxidation are extensively examined. The fast destruction of dyestuffs mediated with electrogenerated active chlorine is analyzed. Electro-Fenton and photo-assisted electrochemical methods like photoelectrocatalysis and photoelectro-Fenton, which destroy dyes by heterogeneous OH and/or homogeneous OH produced in the solution bulk, are described. Current advantages of the exposition of effluents to sunlight in the emerging photo-assisted procedures of solar photoelectrocatalysis and solar photoelectro-Fenton are detailed. The characteristics of novel combined methods involving photocatalysis, adsorption, nanofiltration, microwaves and ultrasounds among others and the use of microbial fuel cells are finally discussed.

Decontamination of wastewaters containing synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods. An updated review

Rod Borup is a Team Leader in the fuel cell program at Los Alamos National Lab in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He received his B.S.E. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Iowa in 1988 and his Ph.D. from the University of Washington in 1993. He has worked on fuel cell technology since 1994, working in the areas of hydrogen production and PEM fuel cell stack components. He has been awarded 12 U.S. patents, authored over 40 papers related to fuel cell technology, and presented over 50 oral papers at national meetings. His current main research area is related to water transport in PEM fuel cells and PEM fuel cell durability. Recently, he was awarded the 2005 DOE Hydrogen Program R&D Award for the most significant R&D contribution of the year for his team's work in fuel cell durability and was the Principal Investigator for the 2004 Fuel Cell Seminar (San Antonio, TX, USA) Best Poster Award. Jeremy Meyers is an Assistant Professor of materials science and engineering and mechanical engineering at the University of Texas at Austin, where his research focuses on the development of electrochemical energy systems and materials. Prior to joining the faculty at Texas, Jeremy workedmore » as manager of the advanced transportation technology group at UTC Power, where he was responsible for developing new system designs and components for automotive PEM fuel cell power plants. While at UTC Power, Jeremy led several customer development projects and a DOE-sponsored investigation into novel catalysts and membranes for PEM fuel cells. Jeremy has coauthored several papers on key mechanisms of fuel cell degradation and is a co-inventor of several patents. In 2006, Jeremy and several colleagues received the George Mead Medal, UTC's highest award for engineering achievement, and he served as the co-chair of the Gordon Research Conference on fuel cells. Jeremy received his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of California at Berkeley and holds a Bachelor's Degree in Chemical Engineering from Stanford University. Bryan Pivovar received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin in 1994. He completed his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering at the University of Minnesota in 2000 under the direction of Profs. Ed Cussler and Bill Smyrl, studying transport properties in fuel cell electrolytes. He continued working in the area of polymer electrolyte fuel cells at Los Alamos National Laboratory as a post-doc (2000-2001), as a technical staff member (2001-2005), and in his current position as a team leader (2005-present). In this time, Bryan's research has expanded to include further aspects of fuel cell operation, including electrodes, subfreezing effects, alternative polymers, hydroxide conductors, fuel cell interfaces, impurities, water transport, and high-temperature membranes. Bryan has served at various levels in national and international conferences and workshops, including organizing a DOE sponsored workshop on freezing effects in fuel cells and an ARO sponsored workshop on alkaline membrane fuel cells, and he was co-chair of the 2007 Gordon Research Conference on Fuel Cells. Minoru Inaba is a Professor at the Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University, Japan. He received his B.Sc. from the Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University, in 1984 and his M.Sc. in 1986 and his Dr. Eng. in 1995 from the Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University. He has worked on electrochemical energy conversion systems including fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries at Kyoto University (1992-2002) and at Doshisha University (2002-present). His primary research interest is the durability of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), in particular, membrane degradation, and he has been involved in NEDO R&D research projects on PEFC durability since 2001. He has authored over 140 technical papers and 30 review articles. Kenichiro Ota is a Professor of the Chemical Energy Laboratory at the Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Japan. He received his B.S.E. in Applied Chemistry from the University of Tokyo in 1968 and his Ph.D. from the University of Tokyo in 1973. He has worked on hydrogen energy and fuel cells since 1974, working on materials science for fuel cells and water electrolysis. He has published more than 150 original papers, 70 review papers, and 50 scientific books. He is now the president of the Hydrogen Energy Systems Society of Japan, the chairman of the Fuel Cell Research Group of the Electrochemical Society of Japan, and the chairman of the National Committee for the Standardization of the Stationary Fuel Cells. ABSTRACT TRUNCATED« less

Scientific aspects of polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability and degradation.

2.2. Fenton’s Chemistry 6575 2.2.1. Origins 6575 2.2.2. Fenton Process 6575 2.3. Photo-Fenton Process 6577 3. H2O2 Electrogeneration for Water Treatment 6577 3.1. Fundamentals 6578 3.2. Cathode Materials 6579 3.3. Divided Cells 6580 3.4. Undivided Cells 6583 4. Electro-Fenton (EF) Process 6585 4.1. Origins 6585 4.2. Fundamentals of EF for Water Remediation 6586 4.2.1. Cell Configuration 6586 4.2.2. Cathodic Fe2+ Regeneration 6586 4.2.3. Anodic Generation of Heterogeneous Hydroxyl Radical 6587

Electro-Fenton process and related electrochemical technologies based on Fenton's reaction chemistry

https://www.jpcomplex.ir/Content/media/image/2013/08/772_orig.pdf

Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment

Synthetic B-doped diamond thin film electrodes were tested for electroanal. detection of 2-naphthol. This redox reaction was studied by cyclic voltammetry in aq. acidic soln. Well-resolved oxidn. waves were obsd. and the voltammetric peaks exhibited naphthol concn. dependence. Linear calibration curves were obtained after a simple electrochem. anodic pretreatment. [on SciFinder (R)]

Electrochemical Detection of 2‐Naphthol on Boron‐Doped Diamond Influence of Anodic Treatment

The electrochemical promotion of the complete catalytic oxidation of ethylene and toluene on RuO2Catalyst films deposited on Y2O3-stabilized-ZrO2 (YSZ) has been investigated at temperatures 400 to 500°C. Anodic polarization (1.5 V), i.e. O2− supply from the YSZ support to the catalyst, is found to enhance the rates of ethylene and toluene oxidation by a factor of 10 and 8 respectively. Cathodic polarization (−1.5 V) i.e. oxygen removal from the catalyst, enhances the oxidation rates by a factor of 3 and 4, respectively. These rate enhancements are strongly nonFaradaic. The kinetics, positive order in both reactants, and the promotional results, inverted-volcano type for both reactions, conform to the recently found rules of electrochemical promotion.

Electrochemical promotion of RuO2 catalysts for the combustion of toluene and ethylene

Platinum coatings on Ti were prepd. by a two-step process: partial thermal decompn. of chloroplatinic acid followed by electroredn. of the coating. Effects of prepn. temp. and of cathodic polarization on the roughness factor were studied. Roughness factors >570 were achieved, leading to an enhancement of the activity towards isopropanol electrooxidn. in 1M H2SO4. [on SciFinder (R)]

Pt/Ti electrode preparation methods: application to the electrooxidation of isopropanol

In the search for a good dimensionally stable anode-type electrode, p-silicon (1-3 mW cm) has been chosen as the substrate material due to its high anodic stability and its reasonable cost compared to titanium and tantalum. Several p-Si/IrO2 electrodes have been prepd. by thermal decompn. at different temp. The effect of prepn. temp. on the morphol. and electrochem. properties has been investigated by SEM anal., X-ray diffraction, and cyclic voltammetry in 1 M HClO4 showing that p-Si/IrO2 prepd. at 450 DegC presents a high surface area and a low degree of crystallinity, while increasing the calcination temp. resulted in a decrease of true area and an increase in crystallite size. The activity of p-Si/IrO2 electrodes for simple electron transfer reactions and for complex electrode reactions has been also studied by cyclic voltammetry and linear polarization in solns. contg. the hydroquinone/benzoquinone redox couple and various org. compds. (isopropanol, tert-butanol, methanol). Finally, the anodic stability of a p-Si/IrO2 electrodes prepd. at 450 DegC has been tested by an accelerated service life test. p-Silicon based electrodes were shown to have the highest standardized service life compared with that of titanium- or tantalum-based electrodes. [on SciFinder (R)]

Dimensionally Stable Anode-Type Anode Based on Conductive p-Silicon Substrate

A simple method is proposed for the estimation of the current bypass from experimental current-potential (i-U) curves measured for a “bipolar reactor” and with a one-element cell of similar geometry. The model is valid only in the region where a lineari-U relation is obtained.

Ch. Comninellis

Papers

Electrochemical Detection of 2‐Naphthol on Boron‐Doped Diamond Influence of Anodic Treatment

Electrochemical promotion of RuO2 catalysts for the combustion of toluene and ethylene

Pt/Ti electrode preparation methods: application to the electrooxidation of isopropanol

Dimensionally Stable Anode-Type Anode Based on Conductive p-Silicon Substrate

Estimation of current bypass in a bipolar electrode stack from current-potential curves