Chaim I. Garfinkel

TL;DR: In this article, a synthesis of the influences of a changing climate on storm tracks reveals competing effects on meridional temperature gradients, which make projections difficult, making it difficult to make predictions.

TL;DR: The authors in this article reviewed the possible mechanisms connecting ENSO to the stratosphere in the tropics and the extratropics of both hemispheres while also considering open questions, including nonlinearities in the teleconnections, the role of ENSo diversity, and the impacts of climate change and variability.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used reanalysis data to study the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signal in the troposphere and stratosphere during the late fall to midwinter period.

TL;DR: In this paper, the link between stratospheric vertical Eliassen-Palm flux variability and tropospheric variability is analyzed, showing that variability in the North Pacific and eastern Europe can deepen or flatten the winter-time troposphere stationary waves, and in particular its wavenumber-1 and -2 components, thus providing a physical explanation for the correlation between these regions and vortex weakening.

TL;DR: Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are impressive fluid dynamical events in which large and rapid temperature increases in the winter polar stratosphere (10−50km) are associated with a complete reversal of the climatological wintertime westerly winds.