Cheng Wu

TL;DR: Nano-anatase TiO2 treatment could obviously increase the activities of nitrate reductase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthase, and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase during the growing stage and promote spinach to absorb nitrate, accelerate, inorganic nitrogen to be translated into organic nitrogen, and enhance the fresh weight and dry weights.

TL;DR: It is suggested that photosynthesis promoted by nano-TiO2 might be related to activation of photochemical reaction of chloroplasts of spinach.

TL;DR: The results of the experiments proved that Rubisco from the nano-anatase TiO2-treated spinach during the extraction procedure of Rubisco was found to consist ofRubisco and a heavier molecular-mass protein comprising both Rubisco and Rubisco activase.

TL;DR: The mechanism researches indicated that nano-TiO2 treatment could significantly increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), decrease accumulation of reactive oxygen free radicals and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), and maintain stability of membrane structure of chloroplst under light.

TL;DR: Neodymium (Nd), as a member of rare earth elements, proved to enhance the photosynthesis rate and organic substance accumulation of spinach through the increase in carboxylation activity of Rubisco.