THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

The science and technology of ultracapacitors are reviewed for a number of electrode materials, including carbon, mixed metal oxides, and conducting polymers. More work has been done using microporous carbons than with the other materials and most of the commercially available devices use carbon electrodes and an organic electrolytes. The energy density of these devices is 3¯5 Wh/kg with a power density of 300¯500 W/kg for high efficiency (90¯95%) charge/discharges. Projections of future developments using carbon indicate that energy densities of 10 Wh/kg or higher are likely with power densities of 1¯2 kW/kg. A key problem in the fabrication of these advanced devices is the bonding of the thin electrodes to a current collector such the contact resistance is less than 0.1 cm2. Special attention is given in the paper to comparing the power density characteristics of ultracapacitors and batteries. The comparisons should be made at the same charge/discharge efficiency.

Ultracapacitors: Why, How, and Where is the Technology

Ongoing technological advances in diverse fields including portable electronics, transportation, and green energy are often hindered by the insufficient capability of energy-storage devices By taking advantage of two different electrode materials, asymmetric supercapacitors can extend their operating voltage window beyond the thermodynamic decomposition voltage of electrolytes while enabling a solution to the energy storage limitations of symmetric supercapacitors This review provides comprehensive knowledge to this field We first look at the essential energy-storage mechanisms and performance evaluation criteria for asymmetric supercapacitors to understand the wide-ranging research conducted in this area Then we move to the recent progress made for the design and fabrication of electrode materials and the overall structure of asymmetric supercapacitors in different categories We also highlight several key scientific challenges and present our perspectives on enhancing the electrochemical performance of future asymmetric supercapacitors

Design and Mechanisms of Asymmetric Supercapacitors.

Supercapacitors have drawn considerable attention in recent years due to their high specific power, long cycle life, and ability to bridge the power/energy gap between conventional capacitors and batteries/fuel cells. Nanostructured electrode materials have demonstrated superior electrochemical properties in producing high-performance supercapacitors. In this review article, we describe the recent progress and advances in designing nanostructured supercapacitor electrode materials based on various dimensions ranging from zero to three. We highlight the effect of nanostructures on the properties of supercapacitors including specific capacitance, rate capability and cycle stability, which may serve as a guideline for the next generation of supercapacitor electrode design.

/pdf/supercapacitor-electrode-materials-nanostructures-from-0-to-3zlm6qeqf5.pdf

Supercapacitor electrode materials: nanostructures from 0 to 3 dimensions

This paper presents a review of the research progress in the carbon–metal oxide composites for supercapacitor electrodes. In the past decade, various carbon–metal oxide composite electrodes have been developed by integrating metal oxides into different carbon nanostructures including zero-dimensional carbon nanoparticles, one-dimensional nanostructures (carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers), two-dimensional nanosheets (graphene and reduced graphene oxides) as well as three-dimensional porous carbon nano-architectures. This paper has described the constituent, the structure and the properties of the carbon–metal oxide composites. An emphasis is placed on the synergistic effects of the composite on the performance of supercapacitors in terms of specific capacitance, energy density, power density, rate capability and cyclic stability. This paper has also discussed the physico-chemical processes such as charge transport, ion diffusion and redox reactions involved in supercapacitors.

Nanostructured carbon–metal oxide composite electrodes for supercapacitors: a review

https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc864788/m2/1/high_res_d/1123686.pdf

A reduced graphene oxide/Co3O4 composite for supercapacitor electrode

TiO2 nanobelts (NBs) and nanoparticles (NPs) have been coupled with the chemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to form nanocomposites which are used as supercapacitor electrodes. The specific capacitance of rGO–TiO2 composites is higher than that of monolithic rGO, TiO2 NPs or NBs. The optimal electrochemical performance is achieved with the rGO–TiO2 composites at a rGO:TiO2 mass ratio of 7:3. In addition, the rGO–TiO2 NBs exhibit better performance than the rGO–TiO2 NPs in terms of specific capacitance, rate capability, energy density and power density. The specific capacitances of rGO–TiO2 NBs and rGO–TiO2 NPs with a mass ratio of 7:3 are 225 F g−1 and 62.8 F g−1 at a discharge current density of 0.125 A g−1, respectively. The better performance of the rGO–TiO2 NBs is attributed to the nanobelt's unique shape, better charge transport property and larger area of contact with the rGO nanosheet.

Reduced graphene oxide/titanium dioxide composites for supercapacitor electrodes: shape and coupling effects

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have been reported to cause lung pathologies in multiple studies. However, the mechanism responsible for the bioactivity has not been determined. This study used nine different well-characterized MWCNT and examined the outcomes in vitro and in vivo. MWCNT, from a variety of sources that differed primarily in overall purity and metal contaminants, were examined for their effects in vitro (toxicity and NLRP3 inflammasome activation using primary alveolar macrophages isolated from C57Bl/6 mice). In addition, in vivo exposures were conducted to determine the inflammatory and pathogenic potency. The particles produced a differential magnitude of responses, both in vivo and in vitro, that was associated most strongly with nickel contamination on the particle. Furthermore, the mechanism of action for the Ni-contaminated particles was in their ability to disrupt macrophage phagolysosomes, which resulted in NLRP3 activation and subsequent cytokine release associated with prolonged inflammation and lung pathology.

/pdf/nlrp3-inflammasome-activation-in-murine-alveolar-macrophages-4ywdp01lrx.pdf

Chengcheng Xiang

Papers

Nanostructured carbon–metal oxide composite electrodes for supercapacitors: a review

A reduced graphene oxide/Co3O4 composite for supercapacitor electrode

Reduced graphene oxide/titanium dioxide composites for supercapacitor electrodes: shape and coupling effects

NLRP3 inflammasome activation in murine alveolar macrophages and related lung pathology is associated with MWCNT nickel contamination

Photocatalytic generation of hydrogen with visible-light nitrogen-doped lanthanum titanium oxides