We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.

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Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/323323.pdf

Production and processing of graphene and 2d crystals

Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms in a honeycomb lattice, offers a number of fundamentally superior qualities that make it a promising material for a wide range of applications, particularly in electronic devices. Its unique form factor and exceptional physical properties have the potential to enable an entirely new generation of technologies beyond the limits of conventional materials. The extraordinarily high carrier mobility and saturation velocity can enable a fast switching speed for radio-frequency analog circuits. Unadulterated graphene is a semi-metal, incapable of a true off-state, which typically precludes its applications in digital logic electronics without bandgap engineering. The versatility of graphene-based devices goes beyond conventional transistor circuits and includes flexible and transparent electronics, optoelectronics, sensors, electromechanical systems, and energy technologies. Many challenges remain before this relatively new material becomes commercially viable, but laboratory prototypes have already shown the numerous advantages and novel functionality that graphene provides.

Graphene: An Emerging Electronic Material

The ever-increasing demands for energy and environmental concerns due to burning fossil fuels are the key drivers of today's R&D of innovative energy storage systems. This paper provides an overview of recent research progress in graphene-based materials as electrodes for electrochemical energy storage. Beginning with a brief description of the important properties of single-layer graphene, methods for the preparation of graphene and its derivatives (graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide) are summarized. Then, graphene-based electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors and lithium-ion batteries are reviewed. The use of graphene for improving the performance of lithium–sulfur and lithium–oxygen batteries is also presented. Future research trend in the development of high-power-density and high-energy-density electrochemical energy storage devices is analysed.

Graphene-based electrodes for electrochemical energy storage

The exfoliation and identification of the two-dimensional (2D) single atomic layer of carbon have opened the opportunity to explore graphene and related 2D materials due to their unique properties. 2D materials are regarded as one of the most exciting solutions for next generation electronics and optoelectronics in the technological evolution of semiconductor technology. In this review, we focus on the core concept of “structure-property relationships” to explain the state-of-the-art of 2D materials and summarize the unique electrical and light-matter interaction properties in 2D materials. Based on this, we discuss and analyze the structural properties of 2D materials, such as defects and dopants, the number of layers, composition, phase, strain, and other structural characteristics, which could significantly alter the properties of 2D materials and hence affect the performance of semiconductor devices. In particular, the building blocks principles and potential electronic and optoelectronic applications...

Graphene and related two-dimensional materials: Structure-property relationships for electronics and optoelectronics

Graphene has attracted a lot of research interest owing to its exotic properties and a wide spectrum of potential applications. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) from gaseous hydrocarbon sources has shown great promises for large-scale graphene growth. However, high growth temperature, typically 1000 °C, is required for such growth. Here we demonstrate a revised CVD route to grow graphene on Cu foils at low temperature, adopting solid and liquid hydrocarbon feedstocks. For solid PMMA and polystyrene precursors, centimeter-scale monolayer graphene films are synthesized at a growth temperature down to 400 °C. When benzene is used as the hydrocarbon source, monolayer graphene flakes with excellent quality are achieved at a growth temperature as low as 300 °C. The successful low-temperature growth can be qualitatively understood from the first principles calculations. Our work might pave a way to an undemanding route for economical and convenient graphene growth.

Low-temperature growth of graphene by chemical vapor deposition using solid and liquid carbon sources.

Graphene has attracted a lot of research interests due to its exotic properties and a wide spectrum of potential applications Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) from gaseous hydrocarbon sources has shown great promises for large-scale graphene growth However, high growth temperature, typically 1000{\deg}C, is required for such growth Here we demonstrate a revised CVD route to grow graphene on Cu foils at low temperature, adopting solid and liquid hydrocarbon feedstocks For solid PMMA and polystyrene precursors, centimeter-scale monolayer graphene films are synthesized at a growth temperature down to 400{\deg}C When benzene is used as the hydrocarbon source, monolayer graphene flakes with excellent quality are achieved at a growth temperature as low as 300{\deg}C The successful low-temperature growth can be qualitatively understood from the first principles calculations Our work might pave a way to undemanding route for economical and convenient graphene growth

Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Graphene using Other Hydrocarbon Sources

Squalene is an isoprene compound, which shows excellent properties, such as antioxidant and anticancer and so on. Currently, squalene has been widely used in medicine, cosmetics, vaccine adjuvants, and other fields. The traditional methods for squalene production mainly include natural extraction and chemical synthesis, which cannot meet the increasing market demand. Squalene production through microbial fermentation has become a promising alternative owing to its high efficiency and environmental friendliness. To improve the squalene production, a series of strategies including metabolic engineering and fermentation optimization and so on have been recruited. Accordingly, this review will comprehensively discuss various strategies including the isolation of high squalene producer, metabolic regulation of synthetic pathway and process optimization to improve the synthetic efficiency of squalene. Challenges and future perspectives for microbial squalene synthesis were also proposed. 

Chenxi Wang

Papers

Low-temperature growth of graphene by chemical vapor deposition using solid and liquid carbon sources.

Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Graphene using Other Hydrocarbon Sources

Advanced Strategies for the Efficient Production of Squalene by Microbial Fermentation