In response to stress, the brain activates several neuropeptide-secreting systems. This eventually leads to the release of adrenal corticosteroid hormones, which subsequently feed back on the brain and bind to two types of nuclear receptor that act as transcriptional regulators. By targeting many genes, corticosteroids function in a binary fashion, and serve as a master switch in the control of neuronal and network responses that underlie behavioural adaptation. In genetically predisposed individuals, an imbalance in this binary control mechanism can introduce a bias towards stress-related brain disease after adverse experiences. New candidate susceptibility genes that serve as markers for the prediction of vulnerable phenotypes are now being identified.

Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease

A review of central 5-HT receptors and their function

We describe the landscape of somatic genomic alterations based on multidimensional and comprehensive characterization of more than 500 glioblastoma tumors (GBMs). We identify several novel mutated genes as well as complex rearrangements of signature receptors, including EGFR and PDGFRA. TERT promoter mutations are shown to correlate with elevated mRNA expression, supporting a role in telomerase reactivation. Correlative analyses confirm that the survival advantage of the proneural subtype is conferred by the G-CIMP phenotype, and MGMT DNA methylation may be a predictive biomarker for treatment response only in classical subtype GBM. Integrative analysis of genomic and proteomic profiles challenges the notion of therapeutic inhibition of a pathway as an alternative to inhibition of the target itself. These data will facilitate the discovery of therapeutic and diagnostic target candidates, the validation of research and clinical observations and the generation of unanticipated hypotheses that can advance our molecular understanding of this lethal cancer.

The somatic genomic landscape of glioblastoma

The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression.

The journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

Although it has been known for some time that olfactory receptors (ORs) reside in spermatozoa, the function of these ORs is unknown. Here, we identified, cloned, and functionally expressed a previously undescribed human testicular OR, hOR17-4. With the use of ratiofluorometric imaging, Ca2+ signals were induced by a small subset of applied chemical stimuli, establishing the molecular receptive fields for the recombinantly expressed receptor in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells and the native receptor in human spermatozoa. Bourgeonal was a powerful agonist for both recombinant and native receptor types, as well as a strong chemoattractant in subsequent behavioral bioassays. In contrast, undecanal was a potent OR antagonist to bourgeonal and related compounds. Taken together, these results indicate that hOR17-4 functions in human sperm chemotaxis and may be a critical component of the fertilization process.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/299/5615/2054.full.pdf

Identification of a testicular odorant receptor mediating human sperm chemotaxis.

Progesterone receptor-mediated effects of neuroactive steroids

http://www.jbc.org/content/282/18/13180.full.pdf

Transient Receptor Potential Channel A1 Is Directly Gated by Calcium Ions

Here, we provide the first evidence for functional expression of a human olfactory receptor protein (OR17-40) and show that recombinant olfactory receptors can be functionally expressed in heterologous systems. A mixture of 100 different odorants (Henkel 100) elicited a transient increase in intracellular [Ca(2+)] in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells stably or transiently transfected with the plasmid pOR17-40. By subdividing the odorant mixture into progressively smaller groups, we identified a single component that represented the only effective substance: helional. Only the structurally closely related molecule heliotroplyacetone also activated the receptor. Other compounds, including piperonal, safrole, and vanillin, were completely ineffective. Mock-transfected cells and cells transfected with other receptors showed no change in intracellular [Ca(2+)] in response to odor stimulation. We were also able to functionally express OR17-40 in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Coexpression of a "reporter" channel allowed measurement of the response of oocytes injected with the cRNA of the human receptor to the odor mixture Henkel 100. The effective substances were the same (helional, heliotropylacetone) as those identified by functionally expressing the receptor in HEK293 cells and were active at the same, lower micromolar concentration. These findings open the possibility of now characterizing the sensitivity and specificity of many, if not all, of the hundreds of different human olfactory receptors.

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/19/17/7426.full.pdf

Specificity and sensitivity of a human olfactory receptor functionally expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and Xenopus Laevis oocytes.

Odorant receptors (ORs) constitute the molecular basis for the detection of volatile odorous molecules and the perception of smell. Our understanding of chemical senses has been greatly expanded by the discovery of the OR gene families in vertebrates and in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Recently, candidate Drosophila OR genes have been identified. The putative ORs do not possess any primary sequence identity with known vertebrate or C. elegans receptors, but belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors according to their predicted seven transmembrane topology. To prove olfactory function of these proteins, we expressed a member of the putative Drosophila OR gene family, Or43a, in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Using two-electrode voltage-clamp recording we identified four odors (cyclohexanone, cyclohexanol, benzaldehyde, and benzyl alcohol) that activated the receptor at low micromolar concentration and structurally related substances that did not. This report shows the function and specificity of a member of the recently identified family of Drosophila ORs expressed in a heterologous system.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/98/16/9377.full.pdf

Christian H. Wetzel

Papers

Identification of a testicular odorant receptor mediating human sperm chemotaxis.

Progesterone receptor-mediated effects of neuroactive steroids

Transient Receptor Potential Channel A1 Is Directly Gated by Calcium Ions

Specificity and sensitivity of a human olfactory receptor functionally expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and Xenopus Laevis oocytes.

Functional expression and characterization of a Drosophila odorant receptor in a heterologous cell system.