世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

计量经济分析 = Econometric analysis

1. Introduction and Overview. 2. Detecting Influential Observations and Outliers. 3. Detecting and Assessing Collinearity. 4. Applications and Remedies. 5. Research Issues and Directions for Extensions. Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index.

Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity

Offering a unifying theoretical perspective not readily available in any other text, this innovative guide to econometrics uses simple geometrical arguments to develop students' intuitive understanding of basic and advanced topics, emphasizing throughout the practical applications of modern theory and nonlinear techniques of estimation. One theme of the text is the use of artificial regressions for estimation, reference, and specification testing of nonlinear models, including diagnostic tests for parameter constancy, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity, and other types of mis-specification. Explaining how estimates can be obtained and tests can be carried out, the authors go beyond a mere algebraic description to one that can be easily translated into the commands of a standard econometric software package. Covering an unprecedented range of problems with a consistent emphasis on those that arise in applied work, this accessible and coherent guide to the most vital topics in econometrics today is indispensable for advanced students of econometrics and students of statistics interested in regression and related topics. It will also suit practising econometricians who want to update their skills. Flexibly designed to accommodate a variety of course levels, it offers both complete coverage of the basic material and separate chapters on areas of specialized interest.

Estimation and Inference in Econometrics

Indigenous groups offer alternative knowledge and perspectives based on their own locally developed practices of resource use. We surveyed the international literature to focus on the role of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in monitoring, responding to, and managing ecosystem processes and functions, with special attention to ecological resilience. Case studies revealed that there exists a diversity of local or traditional practices for ecosystem management. These include multiple species management, resource rotation, succession management, landscape patchiness management, and other ways of responding to and managing pulses and ecological surprises. Social mechanisms behind these traditional practices include a number of adaptations for the generation, accumulation, and transmission of knowledge; the use of local institutions to provide leaders/stewards and rules for social regulation; mechanisms for cultural internalization of traditional practices; and the development of appropriate world views and cultural values. Some traditional knowledge and management systems were characterized by the use of local ecological knowledge to interpret and respond to feedbacks from the environment to guide the direction of resource management. These traditional systems had certain similarities to adaptive management with its emphasis on feedback learning, and its treatment of uncertainty and unpredictability intrinsic to all ecosystems.

http://wildrodopi.org/data/documents/Rediscovery-Traditional-Ecological=20Knowledge.pdf

Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management

High-yield agriculture potentially reduces pressure on forests by requiring less land to increase production. Using satellite and field data, we assessed the area deforested by industrial-scale high-yield oil palm expansion in the Peruvian Amazon from 2000 to 2010, finding that 72% of new plantations expanded into forested areas. In a focus area in the Ucayali region, we assessed deforestation for high- and smallholder low-yield oil palm plantations. Low-yield plantations accounted for most expansion overall (80%), but only 30% of their expansion involved forest conversion, contrasting with 75% for high-yield expansion. High-yield expansion minimized the total area required to achieve production but counter-intuitively at higher expense to forests than low-yield plantations. The results show that high-yield agriculture is an important but insufficient strategy to reduce pressure on forests. We suggest that high-yield agriculture can be effective in sparing forests only if coupled with incentives for agricultural expansion into already cleared lands.

/pdf/high-yield-oil-palm-expansion-spares-land-at-the-expense-of-32615o3w9g.pdf

High-yield oil palm expansion spares land at the expense of forests in the Peruvian Amazon

Swidden-Fallow Agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon

Recent analyses of timber exploitation in Amazonia conclude that a variety of socioeconomic and ecological factors in the region make a stable and profitable logging industry virtually impossible. Most of these studies focus on large-scale timber industries and their dependence on over-exploitation of a small number of high-value timbers. In this article we discuss the economic, ecological, and social aspects of Amazonian logging in a region where the timber industry appeared to have collapsed after stocks of high-value timber were exhausted. We show that forestry in a post-boom phase, currently found in many areas of Amazonia, differs from the better-described “boom” period in its scale of operations, in the range of timbers cut, in management practices employed, and in the costs and benefits of production. Results of a seven-year study show that when sawtimber, poles and firewood are produced in a management system that combines forestry and agriculture they can provide significant additional income for Amazonian smallholders.

Post-boom logging in Amazonia.

Introduction to the book. The editors . PART I AGRODIVERSITY ANALYZED 1. Introduction to the understanding of agrodiversity: Stocking, [provisional title] 2. Agrodiversity and agrobiodiversity. Brookfield 3. Agrodiversity at the scales of farm and landscape. Brookfield 4. Agrodiversity in relation to land degradation and sustainable rural livelihoods. Stocking,.[awaited, provisional title]. 5. Guidelines on agrodiversity assessment Brookfield, Stocking and Brookfield, [substantially revised from PLEC News and Views 13, 1999] 6. Guidelines for the assessment of plant species diversity in agricultural landscapes. Zarin, Guo and Enu-Kwesi, [substantially revised from PLEC News and Views 13, 1999] 7. Household Level Agrobiodiversity Assessment (HH-ABA) Guo, Padoch, Fu, Dao, and Coffey.[ Reprinted with minor revisions from PLEC News and Views 16, 2000]. PART II -FOCUS ON PEOPLE 8. Spotting expertise in a dynamic landscape. Padoch 9. PLEC demonstration activities: a review of procedures and experiences [from Pinedo-Vasquez, Gyasi and Coffey, [Reprinted from PLEC News and Views 17, 2001]. 10. Indigenous knowledge in space and time. Amanor, [Reprinted from PN&V 5, 1995]. 11. .Surveying Diversity at Household level in wet-rice fields at Daka, Yunnan. Fu, Guo, Chen, Cui 12. Working with farmers is not simple: the case of PLEC Tanzania Kaihura 13. Genesis and purpose of the women farmers' group at Jachie, central Ghana. Oduro PART III. AGRODIVERSITY CASE STUDIES 14. Agrodiversity assessment and analysis in diverse and dynamic small-scale farms in Arumeru, Arusha, Tanzania Kaihura, Ndondi and Kemikimba, [Revised from original in PLEC News and Views 16, 2000] 15. Biodiversity as a product of smallholders' strategies for overcoming changes in their natural and social landscapes: a report from Amazonia. Pinedo-Vasquez, Padoch, McGrath and Ximenes, [Reprinted from PLEC News and Views 15, 2000]. 16. From forests to field: incorporating smallholder knowledge in the Camu-camu programme in Peru, Pinedo-Vasquez and Pinedo-Panduro, [Reprinted from PN&V 10, 1998] 17. Sustainable management of an Amazonian forest for timber production : a myth or reality? Pinedo-Vasquez and Rabelo, [Reprinted from PN&V 12, 1999] 18. Diversity of upland rice and of wild vegetables in Baka, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan. Fu and Chen, [Reprinted from PN&V 12, 1999] 19. Evaluation of the cultivation of Ammomum villosum under tropical forest in southwestern Yunnan. Guan, Dao, Cui, [reprinted from PN&V 4, 1995] 20. Intensification and diversification of land use in the highlands of northern Thailand. Kanok Rerkasem. Charal Thongarm, Chawalit Korsamphan, Narit Yimyam, Benjavan Rerkasem. 21. The changing situation in the Fouta Djallon, Guinee. Fofana, Diallo, Barry, Boiro, Kanne and Barry [incomplete, waiting further information from Conakry]. 22. Traditional forms of conserving biodiversity within agriculture, their changing character and relevance to food security in Ghana. Edwin Gyasi {final version still awaited. PART IV: THE WAY FORWARD 23. Conclusions and recommendations for policy in agricultural development. The Editors. [Not yet written].

Cultivating biodiversity: understanding, analysing and using agricultural diversity.

Most reports on indigenous agroforestry systems of the Amazon region have described patterns employed by tribal groups almost exclusively for their own subsistence. This article discusses a market-oriented cyclic agroforestry system practiced by non-tribal ‘Mestizo’ farmers in Tamshiyacu, Peru. The system produces charcoal, as well as annual, semi-perennial, and perennial crops for local consumption, and for a regional market. The sale of these products provides a substantial cash income for many farmers. The data presented demonstrate that Amazonian cyclic agroforestry systems are capable of being commercially successful enterprises and of serving as possible models for further agricultural development.

Christine Padoch

Papers

High-yield oil palm expansion spares land at the expense of forests in the Peruvian Amazon

Swidden-Fallow Agroforestry in the Peruvian Amazon

Post-boom logging in Amazonia.

Cultivating biodiversity: understanding, analysing and using agricultural diversity.

Amazonian agroforestry: a market-oriented system in Peru