世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

Mitigation from a cross-sectoral perspective

▶ Addresses a wide range of timely environment, economic and energy topics ▶ A forum to review, analyze and stimulate the development, testing and implementation of mitigation and adaptation strategies at regional, national and global scales ▶ Contributes to real-time policy analysis and development as national and international policies and agreements are discussed and promulgated ▶ 94% of authors who answered a survey reported that they would definitely publish or probably publish in the journal again

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change

This chapter discusses leading problems linked to energy that the world is now confronting and to propose some ideas concerning possible solutions. Oil deserves special attention among all energy sources. Since the beginning of 1981, it has merely been continuing and enhancing the downward movement in consumption and prices caused by excessive rises, especially for light crudes such as those from Africa, and the slowing down of worldwide economic growth. Densely-populated oil-producing countries need to produce to live, to pay for their food and their equipment. If the economic growth of the industrialized countries were to be 4%, even if investment in the rational use of energy were pushed to the limit and the development of nonpetroleum energy sources were also pursued actively, it would be extremely difficult to prevent a sharp rise in prices. It is evident that it is absolutely necessary to pursue actively the development of coal, natural gas, and nuclear power if a physical shortage of energy is not to block economic growth.

World energy outlook

Das gesamtwirtschaftliche Modell PACE-L zur Analyse von Arbeitsmarktpolitiken

BÖHRINGER, ROSENDAHL, STORRØSTEN INNLEDNING1 Klimamøtet i Paris i desember 2015 var et viktig steg framover for internasjonal klimapolitikk. De aller fleste land har nå gitt uttrykk for at de skal begrense utslippene av klimagasser, og kommet med konkrete utslippsmål fram mot 2030. Det er fortsatt uklart i hvilken grad dette vil bli fulgt opp i de enkelte landene, og på hvilken måte, selv om store land som Kina og USA nylig har annonsert spesifikke virkemidler. Det som er helt klart er det ikke vil være en enhetlig global klimapolitikk med en felles pris på utslipp av klimagasser. Det vil fortsatt være ulik klimapolitikk i ulike land, både med hensyn på type politikk og styrken av politikken. Målene som er satt er heller ikke absolutte – noen land (som USA) har oppgitt intervaller for sine utslippsmål, mens andre land (som Kina og India) har oppgitt mål for utslipp per BNP.

Smarte virkemidler mot karbonlekkasje

Industrial Policy for Climate Change Mitigation

In the absence of a global agreement to reduce CO2 emissions single countries or regions have introduced subglobal climate policies. One major challenge associated with unilateral action is carbon leakage, i.e., the relocation of emissions from regulated to unregulated regions. A principal measure to combat carbon leakage is carbon tariffs, where embodied emissions in imports are taxed at the domestic CO2 price when crossing the border. Using combined MRIO and computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis for the years from 1995 to 2007 based on data provided by World Input-Output Database (WIOD), we assess the potential of carbon tariffs as a means of improving the global cost-effectiveness of unilateral emission pricing. Our MRIO analysis shows increasing relevance of embodied carbon in trade. Both imports of embodied carbon in OECD countries and exports of embodied carbon from developing countries have increased substantially. However, our CGE policy simulations suggest that the effectiveness of carbon tariffs does not increase over time but the burden shifting potential from OECD to Non-OECD countries increases.

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Christoph Böhringer

Papers

Das gesamtwirtschaftliche Modell PACE-L zur Analyse von Arbeitsmarktpolitiken

Smarte virkemidler mot karbonlekkasje

Industrial Policy for Climate Change Mitigation

Trade in carbon and the effectiveness of carbon tariffs

The Reverse Waterbed Effect of Sector Coupling — Unilateral Climate Policies and Multilateral Emissions Trading