世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

Mitigation from a cross-sectoral perspective

▶ Addresses a wide range of timely environment, economic and energy topics ▶ A forum to review, analyze and stimulate the development, testing and implementation of mitigation and adaptation strategies at regional, national and global scales ▶ Contributes to real-time policy analysis and development as national and international policies and agreements are discussed and promulgated ▶ 94% of authors who answered a survey reported that they would definitely publish or probably publish in the journal again

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change

This chapter discusses leading problems linked to energy that the world is now confronting and to propose some ideas concerning possible solutions. Oil deserves special attention among all energy sources. Since the beginning of 1981, it has merely been continuing and enhancing the downward movement in consumption and prices caused by excessive rises, especially for light crudes such as those from Africa, and the slowing down of worldwide economic growth. Densely-populated oil-producing countries need to produce to live, to pay for their food and their equipment. If the economic growth of the industrialized countries were to be 4%, even if investment in the rational use of energy were pushed to the limit and the development of nonpetroleum energy sources were also pursued actively, it would be extremely difficult to prevent a sharp rise in prices. It is evident that it is absolutely necessary to pursue actively the development of coal, natural gas, and nuclear power if a physical shortage of energy is not to block economic growth.

World energy outlook

Without tangible prospects for a global deal on climate protection the EU is under domestic policy pressure to justify stringent unilateral emissions reduction targets. Cost effectiveness of EU-wide emission abatement becomes increasingly important in order to sustain EU leadership in climate policy. We argue that administered EU targets for renewable energies are likely to make emission reduction much more costly than necessary. Therefore, they could rather hinder than promote public support to unilateral climate policy unless a convincing case for additional benefits of renewable energy targets can be put forward. Zusammenfassung Angesichts der unsicheren Aussichten auf ein globales Klimaschutzabkommen gerat die EU unter Druck, ihre ehrgeizigen und einseitigen Emissionsminderungsziele zu rechtfertigen. Kosteneffektivtat in der Klimapolitik gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung, damit die EU ihre Fuhrungsrolle im Klimaschutz weiter beibehalten kann. Der administrierte Ausbau von erneuerbaren Energien i...

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Greening electricity more than necessary: On the cost implications of overlapping regulation in EU climate policy

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/121751/1/833010530.pdf

Sense and no(n)-sense of energy security indicators

Macroeconomic impacts of the CDM: the role of investment barriers and regulations

This paper investigates the implications of U.S. withdrawal on environmental effectiveness, economic efficiency, and the distribution of compliance costs taking into account market power of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) on emission permit markets. While exercise of market power on behalf of FSU under U.S. compliance has no environmental impact as compared to competitive permit trade, it prevents the Kyoto Protocol from boiling down to business-as-usual after U.S. withdrawal. Non-compliance of the U.S. increases the efficiency losses from FSU market power and reduces the compliance costs of remaining OECD countries but these gains must be weighted against a dramatic loss in overall environmental effectiveness. Clearly, the big losers from U.S. withdrawal are FSU and its competitive fringe (Central and Eastern Europe) that suffer from a huge decline in permit sales revenues.

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/24479/1/dp0158.pdf

Market Power in International Emissions Trading: The Impacts of U.S.Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol

We motivate the formulation of market equilibria as a mixed complementarity problem (MCP) in order to bridge the gap between bottom-up energy system models and top-down general equilibrium models for energy policy analysis. Our objective is primarily pedagogic. We first lay out that the MCP approach provides an explicit representation of weak inequalities and complementarity between decision variables and market equilibrium conditions. This permits us to combine bottom-up technological details and top-down economic richness in a single mathematical format. We then provide a stylized example of how to integrate bottom-up features into a top-down modeling framework along with worked examples and computer programs which illustrate our approach.

/pdf/integrating-bottom-up-into-top-down-a-mixed-complementarity-4hvjjvzwmd.pdf

Christoph Böhringer

Papers

Greening electricity more than necessary: On the cost implications of overlapping regulation in EU climate policy

Sense and no(n)-sense of energy security indicators

Macroeconomic impacts of the CDM: the role of investment barriers and regulations

Market Power in International Emissions Trading: The Impacts of U.S.Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol

Integrating Bottom-Up into Top-Down: A Mixed Complementarity Approach