Metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles, also called porous coordination polymers, are a major part of nanomaterials science, and their role in catalysis is becoming central. The extraordinary variability and richness of their structures afford engineering synergies between the metal nodes, functional linkers, encapsulated substrates, or nanoparticles for multiple and selective heterogeneous interactions and activations in these MOF-based nanocatalysts. Pyrolysis of MOF-nanoparticle composites forms highly porous N- or P-doped graphitized MOF-derived nanomaterials that are increasingly used as efficient catalysts especially in electro- and photocatalysis. This review first briefly summarizes this background of MOF nanoparticle catalysis and then comprehensively reviews the fast-growing literature reported during the last years. The major parts are catalysis of organic and molecular reactions, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and views of prospects. Major challenges of our society are addressed using these well-defined heterogeneous catalysts in the fields of synthesis, energy, and environment. In spite of the many achievements, enormous progress is still necessary to improve our understanding of the processes involved beyond the proof-of-concept, particularly for selective methane oxidation, hydrogen production, water splitting, CO2 reduction to methanol, nitrogen fixation, and water depollution.

State of the Art and Prospects in Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)-Based and MOF-Derived Nanocatalysis.

The preparation, structure, and chemistry of hypervalent iodine compounds are reviewed with emphasis on their synthetic application. Compounds of iodine possess reactivity similar to that of transition metals, but have the advantage of environmental sustainability and efficient utilization of natural resources. These compounds are widely used in organic synthesis as selective oxidants and environmentally friendly reagents. Synthetic uses of hypervalent iodine reagents in halogenation reactions, various oxidations, rearrangements, aminations, C–C bond-forming reactions, and transition metal-catalyzed reactions are summarized and discussed. Recent discovery of hypervalent catalytic systems and recyclable reagents, and the development of new enantioselective reactions using chiral hypervalent iodine compounds represent a particularly important achievement in the field of hypervalent iodine chemistry. One of the goals of this Review is to attract the attention of the scientific community as to the benefits of...

Advances in Synthetic Applications of Hypervalent Iodine Compounds

Visible-light photocatalysis has evolved over the last decade into a widely used method in organic synthesis. Photocatalytic variants have been reported for many important transformations, such as cross-coupling reactions, α-amino functionalizations, cycloadditions, ATRA reactions, or fluorinations. To help chemists select photocatalytic methods for their synthesis, we compare in this Review classical and photocatalytic procedures for selected classes of reactions and highlight their advantages and limitations. In many cases, the photocatalytic reactions proceed under milder reaction conditions, typically at room temperature, and stoichiometric reagents are replaced by simple oxidants or reductants, such as air, oxygen, or amines. Does visible-light photocatalysis make a difference in organic synthesis? The prospect of shuttling electrons back and forth to substrates and intermediates or to selectively transfer energy through a visible-light-absorbing photocatalyst holds the promise to improve current procedures in radical chemistry and to open up new avenues by accessing reactive species hitherto unknown, especially by merging photocatalysis with organo- or metal catalysis.

Visible-Light Photocatalysis: Does It Make a Difference in Organic Synthesis?

More than 95% (in volume) of all of today’s chemical products are manufactured through catalytic processes, making research into more efficient catalytic materials a thrilling and very dynamic rese...

Metal–Organic Frameworks in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Recent Progress, New Trends, and Future Perspectives

The present review offers an overview of the current approaches for the photochemical and photocatalytic generation of reactive intermediates and their application in the formation of carbon–carbon bonds. Valuable synthetic targets are accessible, including arylation processes, formation of both carbo- and heterocycles, alpha- and beta-functionalization of carbonyls, and addition reactions onto double and triple bonds. According to the recent advancements in the field of visible/solar light catalysis, a significant part of the literature reported herein involves radical ions and radicals as key intermediates, with particular attention to the most recent examples. Synthetic application of carbenes, biradicals/radical pairs and carbocations have been also reported.

Carbon-Carbon Bond Forming Reactions via Photogenerated Intermediates.

Heterogeneous cyanation reaction of aryl halides with K4[Fe(CN)6] was studied over a polymer supported macrocyclic palladium complex. The reaction proceeded smoothly by adding TX100 (2 wt%) in water without organic solvents. The catalyst exhibited effective catalytic activities to afford the corresponding products in good to excellent yields. Furthermore, the catalyst could be easily recovered and reused for several times without a significant loss of its activity. Heterogeneous cyanation reaction of aryl halides with K4[Fe(CN)6] was studied over a polymer supported macrocyclic palladium complex. The reaction proceeded smoothly by adding TX100 (2 wt%) in water without organic solvents.

Heterogeneous Cyanation Reaction of Aryl Halides Catalyzed by a Reusable Palladium Schiff Base Complex in Water

A copper-catalyzed asymmetric α-hydrophosphonylation of isatins with a novel fluorous bis(oxazoline) as a ligand is presented. The corresponding chiral α1-oxindole-α-hydroxyphosphonates were obtained in 30–91% yield with enantioselectivities up to 92%. The fluorous ligand can be easily recovered and reused at least 3 times without a significant loss in its activity.

Fluorous chiral bisoxazolines: application in copper-catalyzed asymmetric α-hydrophosphonylation

The highly stereoselective olefination reaction of α-fluoro-β-keto esters for the synthesis of α-fluoro-α,β-unsaturated esters has been developed. The olefination combines nucleophilic addition, intramolecular nucleophilic addition, and elimination in one step, as well as provides a facile synthetic approach to α-fluoro-α,β-unsaturated esters which are important units in many biologically active compounds and useful precursors in a variety of functional-group transformations.

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A Facile and Mild Approach for Stereoselective Synthesis of α-Fluoro-α,β-unsaturated Esters from α-Fluoro-β-keto Esters via Deacylation

An efficient protocol for regioselective arylation of thiazole derivatives at the 2-position via palladium- and copper-catalyzed C–H bond activation under ligand-free conditions has been developed. The reaction proceeds smoothly with 1% palladium catalyst in the presence of 20% Cu(TFA)2 to furnish the desired products. The direct C–H arylation and no ligand made this method synthetically useful for the arylation of thiazoles at the 2-position.

Chun Cai

Papers

Heterogeneous Cyanation Reaction of Aryl Halides Catalyzed by a Reusable Palladium Schiff Base Complex in Water

Fluorous chiral bisoxazolines: application in copper-catalyzed asymmetric α-hydrophosphonylation

A Facile and Mild Approach for Stereoselective Synthesis of α-Fluoro-α,β-unsaturated Esters from α-Fluoro-β-keto Esters via Deacylation

Pd/Cu-cocatalyzed reigoselective arylation of thiazole derivatives at 2-position under ligand-free conditions

Four‐component tandem reaction to synthesize dihydrotetrazolopyrimidinyl carbamides