Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

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An Introduction To The Event Related Potential Technique

The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: a review.

We provide an “executive-attention” framework for organizing the cognitive neuroscience research on the constructs of working-memory capacity (WMC), general fluid intelligence, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) function. Rather than provide a novel theory of PFC function, we synthesize a wealth of singlecell, brain-imaging, and neuropsychological research through the lens of our theory of normal individual differences in WMC and attention control (Engle, Kane, & Tuholski, 1999; Engle, Tuholski, Laughlin, & Conway, 1999). Our critical review confirms the prevalent view that dorsolateral PFC circuitry is critical to executive-attention functions. Moreover, although the dorsolateral PFC is but one critical structure in a network of anterior and posterior “attention control” areas, it does have a unique executiveattention role in actively maintaining access to stimulus representations and goals in interference-rich contexts. Our review suggests the utility of an executive-attention framework for guiding future research on both PFC function and cognitive control.

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The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspective

Event-related potentials ~ERPs! recorded from the human scalp can provide important information about how the human brain normally processes information and about how this processing may go awry in neurological or psychiatric disorders. Scientists using or studying ERPs must strive to overcome the many technical problems that can occur in the recording and analysis of these potentials. The methods and the results of these ERP studies must be published in a way that allows other scientists to understand exactly what was done so that they can, if necessary, replicate the experiments. The data must then be analyzed and presented in a way that allows different studies to be compared readily. This paper presents guidelines for recording ERPs and criteria for publishing the results.

/pdf/guidelines-for-using-human-event-related-potentials-to-study-4ls0lbji26.pdf

Guidelines for using human event-related potentials to study cognition: Recording standards and publication criteria

EEG studies employing time—frequency analysis have revealed changes in theta and alpha power in a variety of language and memory tasks. Semantic and syntactic violations embedded in sentences evoke well-known ERPs, but little is known about the oscillatory responses to these violations. We investigated oscillatory responses to both kinds of violations, while monolingual and bilingual participants performed an acceptability judgment task. Both violations elicited power decreases (event-related desynchronization, ERD) in the 8—30 Hz frequency range, but with different scalp topographies. In addition, semantic anomalies elicited power increases (event-related synchronization, ERS) in the 1—5 Hz frequency band. The 1—5 Hz ERS was strongly phase-locked to stimulus onset and highly correlated with time domain averages, whereas the 8—30 Hz ERD response varied independently of these. In addition, the results showed that language expertise modulated 8—30 Hz ERD for syntactic violations as a function of the executive demands of the task. When the executive function demands were increased using a grammaticality judgment task, bilinguals but not monolinguals demonstrated reduced 8—30 Hz ERD for syntactic violations. These findings suggest a putative role of the 8—30 Hz ERD response as a marker of linguistic processing that likely represents a separate neural process from those underlying ERPs.

Oscillatory responses to semantic and syntactic violations

The roles of frequency and location cues in auditory selective attention were investigated in a series of experiments in which target tones were distinguished from distractors by frequency, location, or the conjunction of frequency and location features. When frequency separations in high-rate tone sequences were greater than 1 octave, participants were fastest at identifying targets defined by frequency and were sometimes faster at identifying conjunction than location targets. Frequency salience diminished as filtering demands were reduced: At long interstimulus intervals (> 2.0 s), performance was superior in location conditions. The results suggest that frequency may play a role in auditory selective attention tasks analogous to the role of spatial position in visual attention.

Location and frequency cues in auditory selective attention.

The discrimination of concurrent sounds is paramount to speech perception. During social gatherings, listeners must extract information from a composite acoustic wave, which sums multiple individual voices that are simultaneously active. The observers' ability to identify two simultaneously presented vowels improves with increasing separation between the fundamental frequencies (f0) of the two vowels. Event-related potentials to stimuli presented during attend and ignore conditions revealed activity between 130 and 170 msec after sound onset that reflected the f0 differences between the two vowels. Another, more posterior and right-lateralized, negative wave maximal at 250 msec, and a central-parietal slow negativity were observed only during vowel identification and may index stimulus categorization. This sequence of neural events supports a multistage model of auditory scene analysis in which the spectral pattern of each vowel constituent is automatically extracted and then matched against representations of those vowels in working memory.

Hearing Two Things at Once: Neurophysiological Indices of Speech Segregation and Identification

Detecting deviant, and potentially meaningful, auditory events depends on transient representations of preceding stimuli. Here, we examined whether the neural circuitry underlying deviance detection system varied as a function of deviance type. In different blocks of trials, participants were presented with a sequence that included standard and deviant tones differing in frequency or a sequence of tones that alternated regularly in frequency with occasional deviant repetitions. Both frequency- and pattern-deviant stimuli elicited a mismatch negativity (MMN) peaking between 120 and 175 ms poststimulus. The MMN amplitude distribution was more frontal for frequency-deviant than for pattern-deviant stimuli. There are two possible explanations for these results. Both frequency- and pattern-deviation MMNs might arise in the same set of generators whose relative strength of activation varies. Alternatively, frequency- and pattern-deviation MMNs could originate in different generators. These alternatives were investigated using principal component analysis and signal identification methods. These methods revealed that no common signal space could account for both of the MMNs, indicating different generator sources for the analysis of frequency and pattern deviance. The results suggest separate memory-related processing for auditory frequency and patterns and indicate that the neural circuit of deviance detection varies as a function of the perceptual context.

Separate memory‐related processing for auditory frequency and patterns

https://trainorlab.mcmaster.ca/publications/pdfs/sonnadara_alain_trainor_2006.pdf

Claude Alain

Papers

Oscillatory responses to semantic and syntactic violations

Location and frequency cues in auditory selective attention.

Hearing Two Things at Once: Neurophysiological Indices of Speech Segregation and Identification

Separate memory‐related processing for auditory frequency and patterns

Effects of spatial separation and stimulus probability on the event-related potentials elicited by occasional changes in sound location.