Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

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An Introduction To The Event Related Potential Technique

The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: a review.

We provide an “executive-attention” framework for organizing the cognitive neuroscience research on the constructs of working-memory capacity (WMC), general fluid intelligence, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) function. Rather than provide a novel theory of PFC function, we synthesize a wealth of singlecell, brain-imaging, and neuropsychological research through the lens of our theory of normal individual differences in WMC and attention control (Engle, Kane, & Tuholski, 1999; Engle, Tuholski, Laughlin, & Conway, 1999). Our critical review confirms the prevalent view that dorsolateral PFC circuitry is critical to executive-attention functions. Moreover, although the dorsolateral PFC is but one critical structure in a network of anterior and posterior “attention control” areas, it does have a unique executiveattention role in actively maintaining access to stimulus representations and goals in interference-rich contexts. Our review suggests the utility of an executive-attention framework for guiding future research on both PFC function and cognitive control.

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The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspective

Event-related potentials ~ERPs! recorded from the human scalp can provide important information about how the human brain normally processes information and about how this processing may go awry in neurological or psychiatric disorders. Scientists using or studying ERPs must strive to overcome the many technical problems that can occur in the recording and analysis of these potentials. The methods and the results of these ERP studies must be published in a way that allows other scientists to understand exactly what was done so that they can, if necessary, replicate the experiments. The data must then be analyzed and presented in a way that allows different studies to be compared readily. This paper presents guidelines for recording ERPs and criteria for publishing the results.

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Guidelines for using human event-related potentials to study cognition: Recording standards and publication criteria

The present experiment offers event-related potential evidence suggesting that modulation of neural activity in the visual cortex underlies top-down attentional capture by irrelevant cues. Participants performed a covert visual search task where they identified the unique stimulus in a brief, four-location display. Targets defined uniquely by color or onset were run in separate blocks, encouraging observers to adopt different attentional sets in each block. In Experiment 1, a brief, white, abrupt-onset cue highlighted one of the locations 100 or 200 ms prior to the target display. In Experiment 2, the cue display consisted of three white and one red cues simultaneously presented at the four locations. In both experiments, participants were informed that there was no predictive relation between the location of the cue and that of the target. Reaction times were dependent on the location of the preceding cue (i.e. attention was captured), but only in those blocks where the cue shared the uniquely relevant target feature. Evoked potentials over the right hemisphere were modulated during the attention-capturing blocks just prior to the cue's appearance. Additionally, the N1 wave elicited by the cue was enhanced over occipital regions during the attention-capturing blocks. These findings support the notion that attentional capture with peripheral cues is not simply reflexive but is modulated by top-down processes. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Theme: Neural basis of behavior

Research report Attentional set modulates visual areas: an event-related potential study of attentional capture

The presence of binaural low-level background noise has been shown to enhance the transient evoked N1 response at about 100 ms after sound onset. This increase in N1 amplitude is thought to reflect noise-mediated efferent feedback facilitation from the auditory cortex to lower auditory centers. To test this hypothesis, we recorded auditory-evoked fields using magnetoencephalography while participants were presented with binaural harmonic complex tones embedded in binaural or monaural background noise at signal-to-noise ratios of 25 dB (low noise) or 5 dB (higher noise). Half of the stimuli contained a gap in the middle of the sound. The source activities were measured in bilateral auditory cortices. The onset and gap N1 response increased with low binaural noise, but high binaural and low monaural noise did not affect the N1 amplitudes. P1 and P2 onset and gap responses were consistently attenuated by background noise, and noise level and binaural/monaural presentation showed distinct effects. Moreover, the evoked gamma synchronization was also reduced by background noise, and it showed a lateralized reduction for monaural noise. The effects of noise on the N1 amplitude follow a bell-shaped characteristic that could reflect an optimal representation of acoustic information for transient events embedded in noise.

Binaural Background Noise Enhances Neuromagnetic Responses from Auditory Cortex

Phonological encoding, a subprocess in speech production, proceeds incrementally from word onset to offset. However, the incremental nature of encoding for multisyllabic words is unclear, and limited research has examined neural activity underlying the seriality of the process. In the present study, we investigated the timing of encoding between and within syllables of bisyllabic words using a data-driven cluster-based analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) data. In a phoneme-monitoring task, young adults covertly named pictures of bisyllabic words with a prespecified target phoneme present or absent. Target phonemes in target-present trials were distributed among four serial positions of the word concept: first syllable (S1) onset or offset and second syllable (S2) onset or offset. Upon covert naming, participants responded to target presence via button press or withheld responses for target absence. Neuroelectric activity during task performance was recorded using EEG and analyzed using cluster-based permutation testing. Faster response times and differences in neural activity were observed for monitoring targets at S1 onset than S2 onset, and for monitoring targets at S1 onset than S1 offset. No differences were found between monitoring targets at S2 onset and S2 offset. Our study supports the incremental nature of phonological encoding in bisyllabic words. Furthermore, the neural findings confirm that the serial time course of encoding in bisyllabic words extends to phonemes within the first, but not the subsequent syllable. Findings may have implications for current models of speech production.

Investigating the neural correlates of phonological encoding using a cluster-based analysis approach.

In apparent conflict with the synchronicity model, we consider three types of evidence from the auditory literature (negative priming, perceptual learning, sensory gating) that reveal stimulus repetition can be associated with decreased rather than increased early evoked responses. The difficulty with consolidating a wide range of tasks in adjudicating between theories of repetition priming might be because the potentially critical roles of task, time and context are neglected.

Claude Alain

Papers

Research report Attentional set modulates visual areas: an event-related potential study of attentional capture

Binaural Background Noise Enhances Neuromagnetic Responses from Auditory Cortex

Investigating the neural correlates of phonological encoding using a cluster-based analysis approach.

Task, time and context as potential mediators of repetition priming effects