Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

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An Introduction To The Event Related Potential Technique

The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: a review.

We provide an “executive-attention” framework for organizing the cognitive neuroscience research on the constructs of working-memory capacity (WMC), general fluid intelligence, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) function. Rather than provide a novel theory of PFC function, we synthesize a wealth of singlecell, brain-imaging, and neuropsychological research through the lens of our theory of normal individual differences in WMC and attention control (Engle, Kane, & Tuholski, 1999; Engle, Tuholski, Laughlin, & Conway, 1999). Our critical review confirms the prevalent view that dorsolateral PFC circuitry is critical to executive-attention functions. Moreover, although the dorsolateral PFC is but one critical structure in a network of anterior and posterior “attention control” areas, it does have a unique executiveattention role in actively maintaining access to stimulus representations and goals in interference-rich contexts. Our review suggests the utility of an executive-attention framework for guiding future research on both PFC function and cognitive control.

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The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspective

Event-related potentials ~ERPs! recorded from the human scalp can provide important information about how the human brain normally processes information and about how this processing may go awry in neurological or psychiatric disorders. Scientists using or studying ERPs must strive to overcome the many technical problems that can occur in the recording and analysis of these potentials. The methods and the results of these ERP studies must be published in a way that allows other scientists to understand exactly what was done so that they can, if necessary, replicate the experiments. The data must then be analyzed and presented in a way that allows different studies to be compared readily. This paper presents guidelines for recording ERPs and criteria for publishing the results.

/pdf/guidelines-for-using-human-event-related-potentials-to-study-4ls0lbji26.pdf

Guidelines for using human event-related potentials to study cognition: Recording standards and publication criteria

The ephemeral nature of spoken words creates a challenge for oral communications where incoming speech sounds must be processed in relation to representations of just-perceived sounds stored in short-term memory. This can be particularly taxing in noisy environments where perception of speech is often impaired or initially incorrect. Usage of prior contextual information (e.g., a semantically related word) has been shown to improve speech in noise identification. In three experiments, we demonstrate a comparable effect of a semantically related cue word placed after an energetically masked target word in improving accuracy of target-word identification. This effect persisted irrespective of cue modality (visual or auditory cue word) and, in the case of cues after the target, lasted even when the cue word was presented up to 4 seconds after the target. The results are framed in the context of an attention to memory model that seeks to explain the cognitive and neural mechanisms behind processing of items in auditory memory.

/pdf/listening-back-in-time-does-attention-to-memory-facilitate-3ovirpljan.pdf

Listening back in time: Does attention to memory facilitate word-in-noise identification?

Attentional blink (AB) refers to the phenomenon whereby the correct identification of a visual or auditory target impairs processing of a subsequent probe. Although it has been shown that knowing in advance, when the probe would be presented, reduces the attentional blink and increases the amplitude of event-related potential (ERP) elicited by the probe, the neural mechanism by which attention mitigates the AB remains unclear. Here, we used time-frequency analysis to further explore the mechanism of the auditory attentional blink. Participants were presented a series of rapid auditory stimuli and asked to indicate whether a target and a probe were present in the sequence. In half of the trials, participants were cued to the probe position relative to the target ('Early' or 'Late'). Probe detection and ERP amplitude elicited by the probe decreased when the probe was presented shortly after the target compared to when it was presented later after the target. Importantly, the behavioral and ERP correlates of probe discrimination significantly improved when the 'Early' cue was presented. The improvement in processing the probe in the cued condition was accompanied by the decrease in alpha activity (8-13 Hz) after the time when the probe was expected; suggesting that successfully directing attention to time window where the probe would likely occur reduces the processing resources needed to suppress distractors. This in turn freed up available processing resources for the target and probe at the short-term consolidation stage, which ultimately reduced the auditory attentional blink.

Temporal cuing modulates alpha oscillations during auditory attentional blink.

Speech-in-noise (SIN) comprehension decreases with age, and these declines have been related to social isolation, depression, and dementia in the elderly. In this work, we build models to distinguish the normal hearing (NH) or mild hearing impairment (HI) using the different genres of machine learning. We compute band wise power spectral density (PSD) of source- derived EEGs as features in building models using support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), and AdaBoost classifiers and compare their performance while listeners perceived clear or noise-degraded sounds. Combining all frequency bands features obtained from the whole-brain, the SVM registered the best performance. The group classification accuracy was found to be 94.90% [area under the curve (AUC) 94.75%; F1-score 95.00%] perceived the clear speech, and for noise- degraded speech perception, accuracy was found to be 92.52% (AUC 91.12%, and F1-score 93.00%). Remarkably, individual frequency band analysis on whole-brain data showed that γ frequency band segregated groups with a best accuracy of 96.78%, AUC 96.79% for clear speech data and noise-degraded speech data yielded slightly less accuracy of 93.62% with AUC 93.17% by using SVM. A separate analysis using the left hemisphere (LH) and right hemisphere (RH) data showed that the LH activity is a better predictor of groups compared to RH. These results are consistent with the dominance of LH in auditory-linguistic processing. Our results demonstrate that spectral features of the γ-band frequency could be used to differentiate NH and HI older adults in terms of their ability to process speech sounds. These findings would be useful to model attentional and listening assistive devices to amplify a more specific pitch than others.

Multivariate Models for Decoding Hearing Impairment using EEG Gamma-Band Power Spectral Density

Detecting a brief silent interval i.e., a gap is more difficult when listeners perceive two concurrent sounds rather than one in a sound containing a mistuned harmonic in otherwise in-tune harmonics. This impairment in gap detection may reflect the interaction of low-level encoding or the division of attention between two sound objects, both of which could interfere with signal detection. To distinguish between these two alternatives, we compared ERPs during active and passive listening with complex harmonic tones that could include a gap, a mistuned harmonic, both features, or neither. During active listening, participants indicated whether they heard a gap irrespective of mistuning. During passive listening, participants watched a subtitled muted movie of their choice while the same sounds were presented. Gap detection was impaired when the complex sounds included a mistuned harmonic that popped out as a separate object. The ERP analysis revealed an early gap-related activity that was little affected by mistuning during the active or passive listening condition. However, during active listening, there was a marked decrease in the late positive wave that was thought to index attention and response-related processes. These results suggest that the limitation in detecting the gap is related to attentional processing, possibly divided attention induced by the concurrent sound objects, rather than deficits in preattentional sensory encoding.

Attentional capacity limits gap detection during concurrent sound segregation

Background/Study Context: Attention can be reflectively oriented to a visual or auditory representation in short-term memory, but it is not clear how aging and hearing acuity affects reflec...

Claude Alain

Papers

Listening back in time: Does attention to memory facilitate word-in-noise identification?

Temporal cuing modulates alpha oscillations during auditory attentional blink.

Multivariate Models for Decoding Hearing Impairment using EEG Gamma-Band Power Spectral Density

Attentional capacity limits gap detection during concurrent sound segregation

Orienting Attention to Auditory and Visual Short-term Memory: The Roles of Age, Hearing Loss, and Cognitive Status.