Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

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An Introduction To The Event Related Potential Technique

The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: a review.

We provide an “executive-attention” framework for organizing the cognitive neuroscience research on the constructs of working-memory capacity (WMC), general fluid intelligence, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) function. Rather than provide a novel theory of PFC function, we synthesize a wealth of singlecell, brain-imaging, and neuropsychological research through the lens of our theory of normal individual differences in WMC and attention control (Engle, Kane, & Tuholski, 1999; Engle, Tuholski, Laughlin, & Conway, 1999). Our critical review confirms the prevalent view that dorsolateral PFC circuitry is critical to executive-attention functions. Moreover, although the dorsolateral PFC is but one critical structure in a network of anterior and posterior “attention control” areas, it does have a unique executiveattention role in actively maintaining access to stimulus representations and goals in interference-rich contexts. Our review suggests the utility of an executive-attention framework for guiding future research on both PFC function and cognitive control.

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The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspective

Event-related potentials ~ERPs! recorded from the human scalp can provide important information about how the human brain normally processes information and about how this processing may go awry in neurological or psychiatric disorders. Scientists using or studying ERPs must strive to overcome the many technical problems that can occur in the recording and analysis of these potentials. The methods and the results of these ERP studies must be published in a way that allows other scientists to understand exactly what was done so that they can, if necessary, replicate the experiments. The data must then be analyzed and presented in a way that allows different studies to be compared readily. This paper presents guidelines for recording ERPs and criteria for publishing the results.

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Guidelines for using human event-related potentials to study cognition: Recording standards and publication criteria

The Theatre of the Mind: Physiological Studies of the Human Frontal Lobes

Is a change as good with a rest? Task-dependent effects of inter-trial contingency on concurrent sound segregation.

Evidence from epidemiological, laboratory, and clinical research suggests a link between age-related auditory declines and domain-general cognitive declines. Nevertheless, few studies have experimentally compared measures of non-auditory cognitive functions in younger adults (Y), older adults with typical hearing thresholds for their age (ONHA), and older adults with clinically significant threshold hearing loss (OHL). The current study investigated the differences between these groups on measures of attentional response selection and execution to visual stimuli. A visual reaction time (RT) paradigm involving four tasks with differing and hierarchical attentional demands was administered. RTs on trials with differing foreperiods (pre-stimulus waiting times) were analysed to assess context-related slowing, error commission and related cognitive control, intra-individual variability, and strategic and automatic neural preparatory processes. The OHL group demonstrated a general slowing that was most apparent on the simplest tasks. Although the number of errors was similar when comparing all three groups, the OHL group exhibited less control over recovery from an error compared to the younger and ONHA groups. Unlike the younger and ONHA groups, the OHL group also showed difficulties with both strategic and automatic response preparation, although automatic preparation was more affected across all tasks. This pattern of results suggests that in older adults with hearing loss there is an underlying difficulty in automatic temporal processing that can affect higher order cognitive functions, although there may not be a completely generalized decline in cognitive functioning that is associated with hearing loss.

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Older Adults With Hearing Loss Have Reductions in Visual, Motor and Attentional Functioning.

OBJECTIVES Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), a prodromal stage of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, is characterized by episodic memory impairment. Recent evidence has shown inhibitory control deficits in aMCI, but the extent of these deficits across inhibitory domains (i.e., response inhibition and interference control) and aMCI subtypes (i.e., single- versus multiple-domain) remains unclear. Few studies have included response time intra-individual variability (RT IIV) in these efforts. The aim of this study was to compare response inhibition and interference control between aMCI subtypes using measures of accuracy, mean RT, and RT IIV. METHOD We report data from 34 individuals with single-domain aMCI (sdaMCI, 66-86 years), 20 individuals with multiple-domain aMCI (mdaMCI, 68-88 years), and 52 healthy controls (64-88 years) who completed tasks of response inhibition (Go-NoGo) and interference control (Flanker). Group differences in accuracy, mean RT, and RT IIV were examined for both tasks. RESULTS Individuals with mdaMCI had higher RT IIV than the other groups on both tasks. In RT IIV, we observed an interference control deficit in mdaMCI and sdaMCI relative to healthy controls, a finding not observed through accuracy or mean RT. DISCUSSION RT IIV may detect subtle differences in inhibition deficits between aMCI subtypes that may not be evident with conventional behavioral measures. Findings support the supplementary use of RT IIV when assessing early executive function deficits.

Claude Alain

Papers

The Theatre of the Mind: Physiological Studies of the Human Frontal Lobes

Is a change as good with a rest? Task-dependent effects of inter-trial contingency on concurrent sound segregation.

Older Adults With Hearing Loss Have Reductions in Visual, Motor and Attentional Functioning.

Reaction time intra-individual variability reveals inhibitory deficits in single- and multiple-domain amnestic mild cognitive impairment.

Neural dynamics supporting auditory long-term memory effects on target detection.