[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

Since the discovery of mechanically exfoliated graphene in 2004, research on ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials has grown exponentially in the fields of condensed matter physics, material science, chemistry, and nanotechnology. Highlighting their compelling physical, chemical, electronic, and optical properties, as well as their various potential applications, in this Review, we summarize the state-of-art progress on the ultrathin 2D nanomaterials with a particular emphasis on their recent advances. First, we introduce the unique advances on ultrathin 2D nanomaterials, followed by the description of their composition and crystal structures. The assortments of their synthetic methods are then summarized, including insights on their advantages and limitations, alongside some recommendations on suitable characterization techniques. We also discuss in detail the utilization of these ultrathin 2D nanomaterials for wide ranges of potential applications among the electronics/optoelectronics, electrocat...

Recent Advances in Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

Reverse osmosis desalination: Water sources, technology, and today's challenges

Even though heterogeneous photocatalysis appeared in many forms, photodegradation of organic pollutants has recently been the most widely investigated. By far, titania has played a much larger role in this scenario compared to other semiconductor photocatalysts due to its cost effectiveness, inert nature and photostability. Extensive literature analysis has shown many possibilities of improving the efficiency of photodecomposition over titania by combining the photoprocess with either physical or chemical operations. The resulting combined processes revealed a flexible line of action for wastewater treatment technologies. The choice of treatment method usually depends upon the composition of the wastewater. However, a lot more is needed from engineering design and modelling for successful application of the laboratory scale techniques to large-scale operation. The present review paper seeks to offer an overview of the dramatic trend in the use of the TiO 2 photocatalyst for remediation and decontamination of wastewater, report the recent work done, important achievements and problems.

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Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants over titanium dioxide : A review of fundamentals, progress and problems

Membranes have an increasingly important role in alleviating water scarcity and the pollution of aquatic environments. Promising molecular-level design approaches are reviewed for membrane materials, focusing on how these materials address the urgent requirements of water treatment applications.

Materials for next-generation desalination and water purification membranes

Fabrication of polyamide thin film nanocomposite membranes with enhanced desalination performance modified by silica nanoparticles formed in-situ polymerization of tetramethoxysilane

Developing novel monomers used for aromatic polyamide membranes is one of the promising modifications to tailor the membranes more efficient. Acyl chloride-based compound as the organic phase reactive monomer is vital to the fabrication of membranes. This study focuses on designing and synthesizing a novel acyl chloride monomer 5-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,3-benzenedicarbonyl dichloride (PIPC) based on the purpose of improving membrane permeability and anti-fouling, and preliminarily verify its feasibility for the synthesis of aromatic polyamide membranes. PIPC monomer with a rigid pyrrolidinyl group (–NC4H8) was synthesized from three steps of N-alkylation, ester hydrolysis and acylation reaction successively. IR and 1HNMR spectra were employed to demonstrate the successful synthesis of PIPC. The application of PIPC in the membrane field was also implemented via using PIPC alone as the organic phase reactive monomer, the first/second organic phase reactive monomer, and PIPC and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) together act as the organic phase reactive monomer to react with m-phenylenediamine (MPD) by interfacial polymerization (IP). The MPD-PIPC-TMC membrane prepared by PIPC as the first organic phase reactive monomer exhibited the highest water flux (27.89 ​L ​m−2 ​h−1), with the increase of 36.8% than the MPD-TMC membrane (20.38 ​L ​m−2 ​h−1), while maintaining similar salt rejection. The PIPC with a rigid pyrrolidinyl group was demonstrated to be a promising organic phase monomer for further synthesizing high permeability aromatic polyamide membrane, which showed great application prospects in the field of membrane industry. 

Synthesis and application of a novel monomer 5-(1-Pyrrolidinyl)-1,3-benzenedicarbonyl dichloride in membranes

Uranium extraction from seawater is a strategic deployment to the sustainable development of nuclear energy. However, challenges exist in uranium enrichment because of the extremely low U(VI) concentration and the complexity of seawater. Herein, a novel NH2-functionalized mesoporous hydroxylated SBA-15 (NH2-H-SBA-15), synthesized via post-grafting method was used as the adsorbent in uranium adsorption field. The adsorbent was prepared by reacting between aminosilane and the surface silanol groups of hydroxylated SBA-15. It shows stable adsorption properties in a wider applicable pH range (6-8) because amino groups have better adaptability both in weakly acidic and alkaline environment. Moreover, adsorption kinetic data better fitted pseudo-second-order model, which indicated that the uranium adsorption process belongs to chemical adsorption. Isothermal data better followed the Langmuir model, suggesting a monolayer coverage adsorption mode. Additionally, the adsorption capacity of the NH2-H-SBA-15 is approximatively 115 mg·g-1 within 7 days at pH = 8.1 and 25 ℃ in uranium-spiked natural seawater. Therefore, the NH2-H-SBA-15 shows the excellent selectivity of uranium in the natural seawater (αU/M > 1) which provides a promising prospect in extracting uranium from seawater.

Amino-functionalization of hydroxylated SBA-15 for enhanced uranium adsorption from seawater

The work briefly introduces the nano-composite reverse osmosis (RO) membrane with more permeability and selective performance, and we adopted the phenyltrichlorosilane precursor with better chemical stability and greater spatial resistance. The phenyltrichlorosilane concentration was mainly discussed in this work. The in-situ hydrolysis of phenyltrichlorosilane and the occurrence of ammonia hydrolysis make it effectively incorporated into the polyamide film. The covalent bond and hydrogen bond of phenyltrichlorosilane and polyamide (PA) can be realized. The phenyl group can extend in the polyamide polymer network and give the film corresponding functions. There will be fewer non-selective defects between phenyltrichlorosilane and PA. Under the premise of maintaining the water-salt selectivity of the membrane, along with the increase of benzene trichlorosilane loading, the 300% pure water flux can be achieved and the desalination rate remains at 98.1-98.9%. This reverse osmosis (RO) is suitable for household water purification.

The Permeability and Selectivity of the Polyamide Reverse Osmosis Membrane were Significantly Enhanced by PhSiCl3.

Nanofiltration (NF) membranes with a high permeability and rejection are of great interest in desalination, separation and purification. However, how to improve the permeation and separation performance still poses a great challenge in the preparation of NF membranes. Herein, the novel composite NF membrane was prepared through the interfacial polymerization of M-phenylenediamine (MPD) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) on a double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) interlayer supported by PES substrate. The DWCNT interlayer had a great impact on the polyamide layer formation. With the increase of the DWCNT dosage, the XPS results revealed an increase in the number of carboxyl groups, which decreased the crosslinking degree of the polyamide layer. Additionally, the AFM results showed that the surface roughness and specific surface area increased gradually. The water flux of the prepared membrane increased from 25.4 L/(m2·h) and 26.6 L/(m2·h) to 109 L/(m2·h) and 104.3 L/(m2·h) with 2000 ppm Na2SO4 and NaCl solution, respectively, under 0.5 MPa. Meanwhile, the rejection of Na2SO4 and NaCl decreased from 99.88% and 99.38% to 96.48% and 60.47%. The proposed method provides a novel insight into the rational design of the multifunctional interlayer, which shows great potential in the preparation of high-performance membranes.

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Congjie Gao

Papers

Fabrication of polyamide thin film nanocomposite membranes with enhanced desalination performance modified by silica nanoparticles formed in-situ polymerization of tetramethoxysilane

Synthesis and application of a novel monomer 5-(1-Pyrrolidinyl)-1,3-benzenedicarbonyl dichloride in membranes

Amino-functionalization of hydroxylated SBA-15 for enhanced uranium adsorption from seawater

The Permeability and Selectivity of the Polyamide Reverse Osmosis Membrane were Significantly Enhanced by PhSiCl3.

High Flux Nanofiltration Membranes with Double-Walled Carbon Nanotube (DWCNT) as the Interlayer