Green Chemistry is a relatively new emerging field that strives to work at the molecular level to achieve sustainability. The field has received widespread interest in the past decade due to its ability to harness chemical innovation to meet environmental and economic goals simultaneously. Green Chemistry has a framework of a cohesive set of Twelve Principles, which have been systematically surveyed in this critical review. This article covers the concepts of design and the scientific philosophy of Green Chemistry with a set of illustrative examples. Future trends in Green Chemistry are discussed with the challenge of using the Principles as a cohesive design system (93 references).

Green Chemistry: Principles and Practice

Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has received significant interest worldwide particularly by the implementation of nanotechnology to synthesize particles in the nanometer region. Many microorganisms exist in the range from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. ZnO-NPs exhibit attractive antibacterial properties due to increased specific surface area as the reduced particle size leading to enhanced particle surface reactivity. ZnO is a bio-safe material that possesses photo-oxidizing and photocatalysis impacts on chemical and biological species. This review covered ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity including testing methods, impact of UV illumination, ZnO particle properties (size, concentration, morphology, and defects), particle surface modification, and minimum inhibitory concentration. Particular emphasize was given to bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms with focus on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), OH− (hydroxyl radicals), and O2 −2 (peroxide). ROS has been a major factor for several mechanisms including cell wall damage due to ZnO-localized interaction, enhanced membrane permeability, internalization of NPs due to loss of proton motive force and uptake of toxic dissolved zinc ions. These have led to mitochondria weakness, intracellular outflow, and release in gene expression of oxidative stress which caused eventual cell growth inhibition and cell death. In some cases, enhanced antibacterial activity can be attributed to surface defects on ZnO abrasive surface texture. One functional application of the ZnO antibacterial bioactivity was discussed in food packaging industry where ZnO-NPs are used as an antibacterial agent toward foodborne diseases. Proper incorporation of ZnO-NPs into packaging materials can cause interaction with foodborne pathogens, thereby releasing NPs onto food surface where they come in contact with bad bacteria and cause the bacterial death and/or inhibition.

/pdf/review-on-zinc-oxide-nanoparticles-antibacterial-activity-2smaigi8sc.pdf

Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism.

https://eva.fing.edu.uy/pluginfile.php/55828/mod_resource/content/1/kalogiru.pdf

Solar thermal collectors and applications

An introduction to heat transfer

Band bending in semiconductors: chemical and physical consequences at surfaces and interfaces.

Global energy system / D. Yogi Goswami, Frank Kreith -- Energy policy -- Economics methods / Rosalie Ruegg, Walter Short -- Environmental impacts and costs of energy / Ari Rabl, Joseph V. Spadaro -- Distributed generation and demand-side management -- Generation technologies through the year 2025 -- Outlook for U.S. energy consumption and prices in the midterm / Andy S. Kydes -- Transportation systems / Beth Isler -- Infrastructure risk analysis and security -- Electrical energy management in buildings / Craig B. Smith, Kelly E. Parmenter -- Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning control systems / Jan F. Kreider, David E. Claridge, Charles H. Culp -- Energy efficient technologies -- Compact heat exchangers : recuperators and regenerators / Ramesh K. Shah -- Industrial energy efficiency and energy management / Craig B. Smith, Barney L. Capehart, Wesley M. Rohrer Jr. -- Process energy efficiency : pinch technology -- Energy audits for buildings / Moncef Krarti -- Cogeneration / W. Dan Turner -- Energy storage, transmission, and distribution -- Availability of renewable resources -- Solar thermal energy conversion -- Concentrating solar thermal power / Manuel Romero-Alvarez, Eduardo Zarza -- Wind energy conversion / Dale E. Berg -- Photovoltaics fundamentals, technology, and application -- Waste-to-energy combustion / Charles O. Velzy, Leonard M. Grillo -- Biomass conversion processes for energy recovery -- Geothermal power generation / Kevin Kitz -- Hydrogen energy technologies / S.A. Sherif, F. Barbir, T.N. Veziroglu, M. Mahishi, S.S. Srinivasan -- Fuel cells / Xianguo Li -- Appendices / Nitin Goel.

Handbook of energy efficiency and renewable energy

Heat transfer analysis of parabolic trough solar receiver

A supercritical Rankine cycle using zeotropic mixture working fluids for the conversion of low-grade heat into power

A review of clear sky radiative cooling developments and applications in renewable power systems and passive building cooling

The photocatalytic destruction of methyl orange in aqueous solution has been studied over single crystal ZnO surfaces under UV irradiation. Differences in the apparent reaction rates between the polar surfaces (first order) and the nonpolar ZnO(10-10) surface (zero order) were observed. Reaction rates for different crystallographic orientations showed the highest activity for ZnO(10-10) followed by ZnO(0001)-Zn and the lowest activity for ZnO(000-1)-O surfaces. In addition, the etching of surfaces by photolysis has been studied. For this process, strongly face-dependent behavior was also observed. Possible reasons for the face dependencies are discussed.

D. Yogi Goswami

Papers

Handbook of energy efficiency and renewable energy

Heat transfer analysis of parabolic trough solar receiver

A supercritical Rankine cycle using zeotropic mixture working fluids for the conversion of low-grade heat into power

A review of clear sky radiative cooling developments and applications in renewable power systems and passive building cooling

Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange over single crystalline ZnO: orientation dependence of photoactivity and photostability of ZnO.