Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

An overview of zirconia ceramics: Basic properties and clinical applications

Current ceramic materials offer preferred optical properties for highly esthetic restorations. The inherent brittleness of some ceramic materials, specific treatment modalities, and certain clinical situations require resin bonding of the completed ceramic restoration to the supporting tooth structures for long-term clinical success. This article presents a literature review on the resin bond to dental ceramics. A PubMed database search was conducted for in vitro studies pertaining to the resin bond to ceramic materials. The search was limited to peer-reviewed articles published in English between 1966 and 2001. Although the resin bond to silica-based ceramics is well researched and documented, few in vitro studies on the resin bond to high-strength ceramic materials were identified. Available data suggest that resin bonding to these materials is less predictable and requires substantially different bonding methods than to silica-based ceramics. Further in vitro studies, as well as controlled clinical trials, are needed.

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Resin-ceramic bonding: a review of the literature.

Statement of problem Developments in ceramic core materials such as lithium disilicate, aluminum oxide, and zirconium oxide have allowed more widespread application of all-ceramic restorations over the past 10 years. With a plethora of ceramic materials and systems currently available for use, an overview of the scientific literature on the efficacy of this treatment therapy is indicated. Purpose This article reviews the current literature covering all-ceramic materials and systems, with respect to survival, material properties, marginal and internal fit, cementation and bonding, and color and esthetics, and provides clinical recommendations for their use. Material and methods A comprehensive review of the literature was completed seeking evidence for the treatment of teeth with all-ceramic restorations. A search of English language peer-reviewed literature was undertaken using MEDLINE and PubMed with a focus on evidence-based research articles published between 1996 and 2006. A hand search of relevant dental journals was also completed. Randomized controlled trials, nonrandomized controlled studies, longitudinal experimental clinical studies, longitudinal prospective studies, and longitudinal retrospective studies were reviewed. The last search was conducted on June 12, 2007. Data supporting the clinical application of all-ceramic materials and systems was sought. Results The literature demonstrates that multiple all-ceramic materials and systems are currently available for clinical use, and there is not a single universal material or system for all clinical situations. The successful application is dependent upon the clinician to match the materials, manufacturing techniques, and cementation or bonding procedures, with the individual clinical situation. Conclusions Within the scope of this systematic review, there is no evidence to support the universal application of a single ceramic material and system for all clinical situations. Additional longitudinal clinical studies are required to advance the development of ceramic materials and systems.

Current ceramic materials and systems with clinical recommendations: A systematic review

Objectives: The objectives of this systematic review were to assess the survival rate of implants placed in sites with transalveolar sinus floor elevation. Material and Methods: An electronic search was conducted to identify prospective and retrospective cohort studies on transalveolar sinus floor elevation, with a mean follow-up time of at least 1 year after functional loading. Failure and complication rates were analyzed using random-effects Poisson regression models to obtain summary estimates/ year proportions. Results: The search provided 849 titles. Full-text analysis was performed for 176 articles, resulting in 19 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of these studies indicated an estimated annual failure rate of 2.48% (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.37‐4.49%) translating to an estimated survival rate of 92.8% (95% CI): 87.4‐96.0%) for implants placed in transalveolarly augmented sinuses, after 3 years in function. Furthermore, subject-based analysis revealed an estimated annual failure of 3.71% (95% CI: 1.21‐11.38%), translating to 10.5% (95% CI: 3.6‐28.9%) of the subjects experiencing implant loss over 3 years. Conclusion: Survival rates of implants placed in transalveolar sinus floor augmentation sites are comparable to those in non-augmented sites. This technique is predictable with a low incidence of complications during and post-operatively.

A systematic review of the success of sinus floor elevation and survival of implants inserted in combination with sinus floor elevation

OBJECTIVE
To report the long-term clinical survival and failure rates of single-tooth restorations made of pressable lithium disilicate ceramics (LS2 ) and CAD/CAM resin composite (RC) by two separate clinical observations.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty-one patients (12 female, nine male) were treated with 436 minimally invasive single-tooth restorations made of 274 pressed LS2 (n = 12; posterior: monolithic IPS e.max Press; anterior: IPS e.max Ceram veneered, Ivoclar) or 162 milled from RC (n = 9; monolithic exp. CAD/CAM resin composite, Ivoclar). The mean age of patients was 44.1 ± 9.3 years and the mean observation time was 86.2 ± 13.5 months (7.7 ± 1.1 years), with 8.5 ± 2.7 years for LS2 and 6.7 ± 0.5 years for RC. All restorations were observed for technical/biological failures using the modified criteria of the United States Public Health Service (USPHS). Collected data were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank test (α < 0.025).


RESULTS
The 274 LS2 restorations showed a survival of 100% and a total failure rate of 5.5%. The 162 RC restorations showed a survival of 100% and a total failure rate of 25.3%. RC restorations exhibited more material fractures (p = 0.020) and higher discoloration rates (p < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
Pressed LS2 single-tooth restorations showed lower long-term failure rates than restorations made of RC.


CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Despite the limitations of the clinical observations, single-tooth restorations of both materials can be recommended for permanent use in patients with severe tooth wear.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jerd.12947

Pressable lithium disilicate ceramic versus CAD/CAM resin composite restorations in patients with moderate to severe tooth wear: Clinical observations up to 13 years.

OBJECTIVE
This paper presents a novel digital workflow that expedites and facilitates the manufacturing of high-end full-ceramic restorations based on "Print and Press"-Technology combined with 3D-printed colored 3D-models.


CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Despite ongoing innovations and developments in the digital workflow, the precision, and the final esthetic outcome is still limited compared with conventional press ceramics. The proposed method combines the advantages of digital scan- and design technologies with the proven conventional press-technology to accomplish high-end full-ceramic restorations. The restoration is digitally designed, the data set is 3D-printed in resin that can be burned out, subsequently conventionally embedded and pressed. Final esthetic finishing of the partial restorations is done on a 3D-printed physical colored 3D-model.


CONCLUSION
The report describes synergetic effects of digital and analog procedures. 3D-printed colored 3D-models can positively support the manufacturing of full ceramic restorations regarding their optical integration. Therefore, the use of 3D-printed colored 3D-models signifies a new innovative technique with many promising application areas.


CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The combination of excellent clinical long-term data for pressed ceramic restorations and proven digital processes, like intraoral scanning, design, and additive manufacturing, in the dental field promise an individual workflow for predictability and excellent esthetics.

Application of 3D-printed colored 3D-models for the fabrication of full ceramic restorations: A technical report.

Today, implant-retained restorations need to fulfill esthetic and functional objectives and have become increasingly important in the practice of modern dentistry. They should integrate into a versatile environment and result in a natural, harmonious appearance. This environment comprises teeth, soft tissue (gingiva), and the surrounding lips, which are a dynamic component showing movement, e.g., during speech or smiling. There are two basic types of smiles: the social smile and the enjoyment smile which can be used synonymous for a Duchenne smile or a full smile. During a social smile or speaking, there is no maximum contraction of the perioral muscles, usually the teeth are displayed to a moderate degree, and the gingiva is only sometimes visible, whereas during the enjoyment smile, a maximum contraction of the perioral and periorbital muscles can be found, resulting in a maximum display of the teeth and gingiva (soft tissue) [1, 2]. The majority of the patients seeking dental services especially implant-retained rehabilitation are of older age [3, 4]. Age-related changes in the perioral environment have been discussed controversially. The lengthening of the aging upper lip has been proposed to be due to a lower elasticity of the lip and the atrophy of the facial muscles resulting in a lower lip dynamic [5–8]. Recent studies in dentate patients have shown that the older patient (>50 years) retains its lip dynamic and 70% of these patients display teeth and gingiva not only from canine to canine but also up to the maxillary second premolar [9, 10]. Factors associated with limited lip dynamic in age might be attributed to the fact that the perioral muscles are used to hold ill-fitting dentures or hide insufficient oral esthetics. Due to prior studies, our perception has been that only 10–30% of the subjects have a high smile line and present a high esthetic risk for treatment planning. Regarding the findings of current studies, the description of the esthetic zone needs to be reconsidered and extended to include the premolar area in 90% of our patients [10, 11].

Prosthodontic Techniques for Dental Implant Restoration

PURPOSE To assess the impact of different types of dental prostheses, including definitive and interim restorations, on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) before and after prosthetic treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 151 patients received prosthetic treatment at one of two German departments of prosthetic dentistry. The patients' OHRQoL was assessed using the German version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-G53) at baseline (T0) and at 1 week (T1) and 3 months (T2) after treatment. Patients were divided into 10 subgroups according to their pre- and posttreatment status. The effect of the type (no prosthesis; fixed prosthesis; removable prosthesis) and duration of wear (definitive; interim) of the restorations was evaluated. Results were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests with a significance level of P = .05. RESULTS The highest OHRQoL was recorded for patients with fixed restorations, as indicated by the fact that their OHIP scores were lowest. A significant improvement in OHRQoL (P ≤ .034) was observed for patients who needed prostheses and were then treated with removable or fixed restorations. The OHIP score was affected by a change in restoration type. Rehabilitation with definitive prostheses had a significant effect on posttreatment OHRQoL (P ≤ .006). CONCLUSION In general, prosthetic rehabilitation by use of fixed or removable prostheses resulted in an improvement in OHRQoL. The use of the same type of restoration before and after treatment had a positive effect on OHRQoL. If possible, a change of restoration type should be avoided. For patients who require permanent prostheses, the use of fixed and removable restorations is recommended. For oral rehabilitation, fixed restorations should be preferred in order to achieve best possible improvement of OHIP score.

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Impact of different types of dental prostheses on oral-health-related quality of life: a prospective bicenter study of definitive and interim restorations.

Daniel Edelhoff

Papers

Pressable lithium disilicate ceramic versus CAD/CAM resin composite restorations in patients with moderate to severe tooth wear: Clinical observations up to 13 years.

Application of 3D-printed colored 3D-models for the fabrication of full ceramic restorations: A technical report.

Prosthodontic Techniques for Dental Implant Restoration

Impact of different types of dental prostheses on oral-health-related quality of life: a prospective bicenter study of definitive and interim restorations.

Seltene Erkrankungen, die sich in der Mundhöhle manifestieren