Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

An overview of zirconia ceramics: Basic properties and clinical applications

Current ceramic materials offer preferred optical properties for highly esthetic restorations. The inherent brittleness of some ceramic materials, specific treatment modalities, and certain clinical situations require resin bonding of the completed ceramic restoration to the supporting tooth structures for long-term clinical success. This article presents a literature review on the resin bond to dental ceramics. A PubMed database search was conducted for in vitro studies pertaining to the resin bond to ceramic materials. The search was limited to peer-reviewed articles published in English between 1966 and 2001. Although the resin bond to silica-based ceramics is well researched and documented, few in vitro studies on the resin bond to high-strength ceramic materials were identified. Available data suggest that resin bonding to these materials is less predictable and requires substantially different bonding methods than to silica-based ceramics. Further in vitro studies, as well as controlled clinical trials, are needed.

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Resin-ceramic bonding: a review of the literature.

Statement of problem Developments in ceramic core materials such as lithium disilicate, aluminum oxide, and zirconium oxide have allowed more widespread application of all-ceramic restorations over the past 10 years. With a plethora of ceramic materials and systems currently available for use, an overview of the scientific literature on the efficacy of this treatment therapy is indicated. Purpose This article reviews the current literature covering all-ceramic materials and systems, with respect to survival, material properties, marginal and internal fit, cementation and bonding, and color and esthetics, and provides clinical recommendations for their use. Material and methods A comprehensive review of the literature was completed seeking evidence for the treatment of teeth with all-ceramic restorations. A search of English language peer-reviewed literature was undertaken using MEDLINE and PubMed with a focus on evidence-based research articles published between 1996 and 2006. A hand search of relevant dental journals was also completed. Randomized controlled trials, nonrandomized controlled studies, longitudinal experimental clinical studies, longitudinal prospective studies, and longitudinal retrospective studies were reviewed. The last search was conducted on June 12, 2007. Data supporting the clinical application of all-ceramic materials and systems was sought. Results The literature demonstrates that multiple all-ceramic materials and systems are currently available for clinical use, and there is not a single universal material or system for all clinical situations. The successful application is dependent upon the clinician to match the materials, manufacturing techniques, and cementation or bonding procedures, with the individual clinical situation. Conclusions Within the scope of this systematic review, there is no evidence to support the universal application of a single ceramic material and system for all clinical situations. Additional longitudinal clinical studies are required to advance the development of ceramic materials and systems.

Current ceramic materials and systems with clinical recommendations: A systematic review

Objectives: The objectives of this systematic review were to assess the survival rate of implants placed in sites with transalveolar sinus floor elevation. Material and Methods: An electronic search was conducted to identify prospective and retrospective cohort studies on transalveolar sinus floor elevation, with a mean follow-up time of at least 1 year after functional loading. Failure and complication rates were analyzed using random-effects Poisson regression models to obtain summary estimates/ year proportions. Results: The search provided 849 titles. Full-text analysis was performed for 176 articles, resulting in 19 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of these studies indicated an estimated annual failure rate of 2.48% (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.37‐4.49%) translating to an estimated survival rate of 92.8% (95% CI): 87.4‐96.0%) for implants placed in transalveolarly augmented sinuses, after 3 years in function. Furthermore, subject-based analysis revealed an estimated annual failure of 3.71% (95% CI: 1.21‐11.38%), translating to 10.5% (95% CI: 3.6‐28.9%) of the subjects experiencing implant loss over 3 years. Conclusion: Survival rates of implants placed in transalveolar sinus floor augmentation sites are comparable to those in non-augmented sites. This technique is predictable with a low incidence of complications during and post-operatively.

A systematic review of the success of sinus floor elevation and survival of implants inserted in combination with sinus floor elevation

Advances in the field of restorative materials allow a lost tooth to be replaced by artificial tooth structure that is virtually indiscernible from the original. However, in fixed partial dentures the standards for the pontic area and the adjacent soft tissue in the maxillary anterior region have increased in particular. The pontic design in this region is primarily influenced by esthetic and phonetic considerations. Local defects of the alveolar ridge often complicate restorative measures. Treatment methods proposed to solve this problem involve modification of the pontic design and pretreatment of the recipient site for the pontic. This article reviews the different clinical and technical options that are available for designing esthetic and functional pontics for the anterior region.

A review of esthetic pontic design options.

To evaluate the influence of cementation on fracture load of anterior crowns made of CAD/CAM-resin-blocks (ART), leucite-reinforced glass-ceramics (LRG), lithium disilicate ceramics (LIT), veneered zirconia (ZRO) and veneered alloy (DEG). Each crown group (n=15/subgroup) was cemented on the metal abutment as follows: i. using glass ionomer, ii. using self-adhesive resin cement, and iii. not cemented. Crowns were tested and analyzed with 2-way and 1-way ANOVA (Scheffe test), and Weibull statistics (p<0.05). Within LRG, self-adhesive cemented subgroup showed higher fracture load compared to other groups (p<0.001). Among DEG, lower results were measured for non-cemented crowns than for cemented (p<0.001). For ART, LIT and ZRO no influence of cementation was observed. For fracture load test methodology, metal ceramic crowns should be generally cemented. Glass-ceramic crowns should be cemented using adhesive cement. Cementation and cement type did not have an influence on the fracture load results for resin, zirconia or lithium disilicate crowns.

Influence of cementation and cement type on the fracture load testing methodology of anterior crowns made of different materials

Influence of connector design and material composition and veneering on the stress distribution of all-ceramic fixed dental prostheses: A finite element study

Objectives To investigate and compare the mechanical and optical properties of novel strength- and color-gradient multilayered zirconia and the impact of conventional and high-speed sintering. Materials and methods Following zirconia materials were analyzed and compared: the high-speed sintered Katana Zirconia Block STML (4Y-TZP, KZC), the conventionally sintered Katana Zirconia Disc STML (4Y-TZP, KZL) and IPS e. max ZirCAD Prime (5Y-TZP/3Y-TZP, EZL). As control group acted the crystallized lithium disilicate ceramic IPS e. max CAD (ELC). Monolithic single molar crowns were fabricated and half of them were aged in a chewing simulator with human enamel antagonists (1.2 × 106 cycles, 50 N, lateral movement of 0.7 mm, 5/55 °C). The fracture load was tested in a universal testing machine (N = 96/n = 12). The two-body wear was determined using 3D matching of pre- and post-scans (N = 48/n = 12). Translucency (N = 36/n = 10) was evaluated with UV/Vis spectrophotometer. Data was analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Scheffe test, unpaired t-test and Weibull analysis (p  Results Zirconia groups showed higher fracture load than ELC (p ≤ 0.001). Initially, all zirconia materials ranged in the same values (p > 0.05). After chewing simulation, EZL showed higher fracture load than KZC (p  Conclusions The novel strength and color-gradient multilayered zirconia showed higher mechanical properties than lithium disilicate ceramic. The high-speed sintering of zirconia showed neither a negative impact on the fracture load nor on the two-body wear. However, the optical properties and the reliability of zirconia is lower than those of highly translucent lithium disilicate ceramic.

Comparison between novel strength-gradient and color-gradient multilayered zirconia using conventional and high-speed sintering

OBJECTIVES This study examined the metal-ceramic bond strength between different ceramics and a novel CAD/CAM base metal alloy as well as conventional CoCrMo alloys. METHODS Three different base metal alloys were tested: a novel CAD/CAM milled and sintered alloy (MS), a. laser sintered alloy (LS), and a cast alloy (C). Specimens for the Schwickerath crack initiation test according to ISO 9693:2012 were prepared and veneered using the following veneering ceramics: i. Creation (Willy Geller), ii. VITA VM13 (VITA Zahnfabrik), and iii. Reflex (Wieland+Dental). The specimens were subsequently thermally aged (5,000 cycles, 5°C/55°C, dwell time: 20 s) and the bond strength was measured in a universal testing machine (Zwick 1445, 1 mm/min). Data were analyzed using two-way and one-way ANOVA, followed by a post hoc Scheffe test. RESULTS For the veneering ceramics VITA VM13 and Reflex, no impact of the used alloy on bond strength results was found (p=0.124-0.393). In contrast, the veneering ceramic Creation showed significantly higher bond strength values in combination with MS and LS than with C (p=0.001). For MS (p<0.001) and LS (p=0.001) alloys veneered with Reflex, significantly lower bond strengths were observed than for specimens veneered with Creation or VITA VM13. Within C alloy (p=0.012), significantly lower bond strengths were measured for specimens veneered with Reflex than for VITA VM13. CONCLUSION The novel CAD/CAM base metal alloy Ceramill Sintron showed comparable metal-ceramic bond strength compared to conventional CoCrMo alloys.

Daniel Edelhoff

Papers

A review of esthetic pontic design options.

Influence of cementation and cement type on the fracture load testing methodology of anterior crowns made of different materials

Influence of connector design and material composition and veneering on the stress distribution of all-ceramic fixed dental prostheses: A finite element study

Comparison between novel strength-gradient and color-gradient multilayered zirconia using conventional and high-speed sintering

A novel CAD/CAM base metal compared to conventional CoCrMo alloys: an in-vitro study of the long-term metal-ceramic bond strength.