抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Objective To describe the psychometric properties of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) interview, which surveys additional disorders not assessed in prior K-SADS, contains improved probes and anchor points, includes diagnosis-specific impairment ratings, generates DSM-III-R and DSM-IV diagnoses, and divides symptoms surveyed into a screening interview and five diagnostic supplements. Method Subjects were 55 psychiatric outpatients and 11 normal controls (aged 7 through 17 years). Both parents and children were used as informants. Concurrent validity of the screen criteria and the K-SADS-PL diagnoses was assessed against standard self-report scales. Interrater ( n = 15) and test-retest ( n = 20) reliability data were also collected (mean retest interval: 18 days; range: 2 to 38 days). Results Rating scale data support the concurrent validity of screens and K-SADS-PL diagnoses. Interrater agreement in scoring screens and diagnoses was high (range: 93% to 100%). Test-retest reliability κ coefficients were in the excellent range for present and/or lifetime diagnoses of major depression, any bipolar, generalized anxiety, conduct, and oppositional defiant disorder (.77 to 1.00) and in the good range for present diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (.63 to .67). Conclusion Results suggest the K-SADS-PL generates reliable and valid child psychiatric diagnoses. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1997, 36(7): 980–988.

Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): Initial Reliability and Validity Data

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)61729-2.pdf

Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000) is a compendium of mental disorders, a listing of the criteria used to diagnose them, and a detailed system for their definition, organization, and classification. Put simply, it is the primary diagnostic manual for mental health professionals in the United States and much of the Western world. Diagnosis refers to the identification and labeling of a mental disorder by examination and analysis. Mental health professionals diagnose individuals based on the symptoms that they report experiencing and the signs of illness with which they present. The DSM-IV-TR aids professionals in understanding and diagnosing mental disorders through its provision of explicit diagnostic criteria and an official classification system.


Keywords:

diagnosis;
classification;
mental illness;
psychopathology

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)

Attachment--and loss.

Objectives: Suicide among older adults is a major public health problem in the USA. In our recent study, we examined relationships between the 10 standard DSM-5 personality disorders (PDs) and suicidal ideation, and found that the PD dimensions explained a majority (55%) of the variance in suicidal ideation. To extend this line of research, the purpose of the present follow-up study was to explore relationships between the four PDs that previously were included in prior versions of the DSM (depressive, passive-aggressive, sadistic, and self-defeating) with suicidal ideation and reasons for living.Method: Community-dwelling older adults (N = 109; age range = 60–95 years; 61% women; 88% European-American) completed anonymously the Coolidge Axis II Inventory, the Reasons for Living Inventory (RFL), and the Geriatric Suicide Ideation Scale (GSIS).Results: Correlational analyses revealed that simple relationships between PD scales with GSIS subscales were generally stronger than with RFL subscales. Regarding G...

Relationships among depressive, passive-aggressive, sadistic and self-defeating personality disorder features with suicidal ideation and reasons for living among older adults

Preface viii Part I Introduction 1 1 Mental Health and Aging: An Introduction 3 2 Basic Gerontology for Working with Older Adults 16 Part II Models of Mental Health in Later Life 33 Part II Introduction 33 3 Psychodynamic Model 37 4 Cognitive-Behavioral Model 53 5 Stress and Coping Model 74 6 Family Systems Model 89 Part II Summary and Commentary: Choosing Among Models of Mental Disorders in Later Life 105 Part III Introduction to Mental Disorders 111 Part III Introduction 111 7 Cognitive Impairment 115 8 Depression 136 9 Severe Mental Disorders in Older Adults: Schizophrenia and Other Late-Life Psychoses 157 Stephen J. Bartels 10 Anxiety, Sexual, and Sleep Disorders 178 11 Substance Abuse, Personality Disorders, and Marital/Family Confl ict 199 12 Settings and Contexts of Mental Health Services 223 Epilogue 241 References 243 Name Index 278 Subject Index 293

Aging and mental health

The purpose of the present study was to report on the psychometric properties of a revised version of ab rief inventor yd esigned to scree na nd assess personality disorders. The shor tf orm of the Coolidge Axis II Inventor y( SCATI) is a7 0-item, self-report, form of the 250-item Coolidge Axis II Inventor y( CATI). On ac ommunity sample of 588 adults (range ¼ 16 –8 8y ears), the median internal scale reliability for the 14 personality disorder scales was .66, and the median test–retest reliability (1 week) was .83. Principal components analysis (PCA) revealed af our-component structure, essentially similar to previous PC As tudies of the SCAT Ia nd CATI. Good convergent validity was obtained between afi ve-factor model of psychopatholog ya nd the 14 SCAT Ip ersonality disorder scales. Gender differences wer eo btained on some scales, although the effect sizes wer eg enerally small. These preliminar yp sychometric properties establish that the SCAT Ih as sufficient reliability and validity to warrant further research, particularly in clinical samples.

Psychometric properties of a brief inventory for the screening of personality disorders: The SCATI.

Structured interviewing and DSM classification.

The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a multisubunit regulator highly conserved in evolution. We show here that CSN subunit 8 (CSN8) is essential for Drosophila development. CSN8 is maternally contributed and present throughout development. Null mutants generated in this study are larval lethal, showing phenotypes associated with mutations in either CSN4 (molting defects) or CSN5 (melanotic tumors). Analysis of mitotic and germ-line csn8null clones revealed the requirement of CSN8 for multiple developmental processes. The germ-line clones arrested at mid-oogenesis, while the mitotic clones led to deformed adult eyes or wings. CSN8 is present exclusively as part of the CSN holo-complex, and lack of CSN8 in the mutants leads to CSN instability. Consistent with this, Cullin deneddylation is impaired in the csn8null mutants.

Daniel L. Segal

Papers

Relationships among depressive, passive-aggressive, sadistic and self-defeating personality disorder features with suicidal ideation and reasons for living among older adults

Aging and mental health

Psychometric properties of a brief inventory for the screening of personality disorders: The SCATI.

Structured interviewing and DSM classification.

Cop9 signalosome subunit 8 (CSN8) is essential for Drosophila development.