This article presents findings from a meta-analysis of 213 school-based, universal social and emotional learning (SEL) programs involving 270,034 kindergarten through high school students. Compared to controls, SEL participants demonstrated significantly improved social and emotional skills, attitudes, behavior, and academic performance that reflected an 11-percentile-point gain in achievement. School teaching staff successfully conducted SEL programs. The use of 4 recommended practices for developing skills and the presence of implementation problems moderated program outcomes. The findings add to the growing empirical evidence regarding the positive impact of SEL programs. Policy makers, educators, and the public can contribute to healthy development of children by supporting the incorporation of evidence-based SEL programming into standard educational practice.

http://explorefhp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Durlak-Weissberg-Child-Development-Meta-Analysis.pdf

The Impact of Enhancing Students’ Social and Emotional Learning: A Meta‐Analysis of School‐Based Universal Interventions

Objective. —To identify and quantify the major external (nongenetic) factors that contribute to death in the United States. Data Sources. —Articles published between 1977 and 1993 were identified through MEDLINE searches, reference citations, and expert consultation. Government reports and compilations of vital statistics and surveillance data were also obtained. Study Selection. —Sources selected were those that were often cited and those that indicated a quantitative assessment of the relative contributions of various factors to mortality and morbidity. Data Extraction. —Data used were those for which specific methodological assumptions were stated. A table quantifying the contributions of leading factors was constructed using actual counts, generally accepted estimates, and calculated estimates that were developed by summing various individual estimates and correcting to avoid double counting. For the factors of greatest complexity and uncertainty (diet and activity patterns and toxic agents), a conservative approach was taken by choosing the lower boundaries of the various estimates. Data Synthesis. —The most prominent contributors to mortality in the United States in 1990 were tobacco (an estimated 400000 deaths), diet and activity patterns (300 000), alcohol (100 000), microbial agents (90 000), toxic agents (60 000), firearms (35 000), sexual behavior (30 000), motor vehicles (25 000), and illicit use of drugs (20 000). Socioeconomic status and access to medical care are also important contributors, but difficult to quantify independent of the other factors cited. Because the studies reviewed used different approaches to derive estimates, the stated numbers should be viewed as first approximations. Conclusions. —Approximately half of all deaths that occurred in 1990 could be attributed to the factors identified. Although no attempt was made to further quantify the impact of these factors on morbidity and quality of life, the public health burden they impose is considerable and offers guidance for shaping health policy priorities. (JAMA. 1993;270:2207-2212)

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/JAMA/articlepdf/409171/jama_270_18_038.pdf

Actual causes of death in the United States.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(02)08336-8.pdf

Health consequences of intimate partner violence.

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Experimental And Quasi Experimental Designs For Research

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Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis Modeling Change And Event Occurrence

Can an Efficacious Strategy for Curtailing Illegal Drug Sales Be Counted on to Reduce Violent Crime

Public opinion on laws regulating public gun carrying.

Trends in buprenorphine and methadone sales and utilization in the United States, 1997-2012

Support for gun policies among young adults in the U.S., 2017-2019.

TO THE EDITOR: Physician engagement and a public health approach to gun violence as outlined by Frattaroli and colleagues (1) and sought by the editors of Annals (2) includes preventive counseling about guns during routine clinical encounters. We interviewed 53 African American men aged 18 to 34 years, the group for whom firearm injury is the leading cause of death (3), after an ambulatory care encounter unrelated to violence. During the visit, the physician briefly counseled the patients about 6 preventive health issues: alcohol, smoking, drugs, safe sex, guns, and seat belt use. In a postencounter interview, patients most commonly recalled the discussion of firearms, and 81% believed that it is important for a physician to talk with them about guns (4). The discussion can be within the context of a routine health examination wherein the physician alerts the patient to situations that increase risk. A mnemonic device developed with the Chicago Medical Society uses the word “GUNS” (5) to prompt questions for patients pertaining to risks (6): Is there a Gun in your home? Are you around Users of alcohol and other drugs? Do you feel a Need to protect yourself? Do any of these Situations apply to you: Seen or been involved in acts of violence? Sadness? School-aged children at home? Physicians should not ignore or hold reservations about assessing and counseling their patients’ risk for gun injury or death.

Daniel W. Webster

Papers

Can an Efficacious Strategy for Curtailing Illegal Drug Sales Be Counted on to Reduce Violent Crime

Public opinion on laws regulating public gun carrying.

Trends in buprenorphine and methadone sales and utilization in the United States, 1997-2012

Support for gun policies among young adults in the U.S., 2017-2019.

A public health approach to gun violence