다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

A comprehensive review of spatiotemporal pattern formation in systems driven away from equilibrium is presented, with emphasis on comparisons between theory and quantitative experiments. Examples include patterns in hydrodynamic systems such as thermal convection in pure fluids and binary mixtures, Taylor-Couette flow, parametric-wave instabilities, as well as patterns in solidification fronts, nonlinear optics, oscillatory chemical reactions and excitable biological media. The theoretical starting point is usually a set of deterministic equations of motion, typically in the form of nonlinear partial differential equations. These are sometimes supplemented by stochastic terms representing thermal or instrumental noise, but for macroscopic systems and carefully designed experiments the stochastic forces are often negligible. An aim of theory is to describe solutions of the deterministic equations that are likely to be reached starting from typical initial conditions and to persist at long times. A unified description is developed, based on the linear instabilities of a homogeneous state, which leads naturally to a classification of patterns in terms of the characteristic wave vector q0 and frequency ω0 of the instability. Type Is systems (ω0=0, q0≠0) are stationary in time and periodic in space; type IIIo systems (ω0≠0, q0=0) are periodic in time and uniform in space; and type Io systems (ω0≠0, q0≠0) are periodic in both space and time. Near a continuous (or supercritical) instability, the dynamics may be accurately described via "amplitude equations," whose form is universal for each type of instability. The specifics of each system enter only through the nonuniversal coefficients. Far from the instability threshold a different universal description known as the "phase equation" may be derived, but it is restricted to slow distortions of an ideal pattern. For many systems appropriate starting equations are either not known or too complicated to analyze conveniently. It is thus useful to introduce phenomenological order-parameter models, which lead to the correct amplitude equations near threshold, and which may be solved analytically or numerically in the nonlinear regime away from the instability. The above theoretical methods are useful in analyzing "real pattern effects" such as the influence of external boundaries, or the formation and dynamics of defects in ideal structures. An important element in nonequilibrium systems is the appearance of deterministic chaos. A greal deal is known about systems with a small number of degrees of freedom displaying "temporal chaos," where the structure of the phase space can be analyzed in detail. For spatially extended systems with many degrees of freedom, on the other hand, one is dealing with spatiotemporal chaos and appropriate methods of analysis need to be developed. In addition to the general features of nonequilibrium pattern formation discussed above, detailed reviews of theoretical and experimental work on many specific systems are presented. These include Rayleigh-Benard convection in a pure fluid, convection in binary-fluid mixtures, electrohydrodynamic convection in nematic liquid crystals, Taylor-Couette flow between rotating cylinders, parametric surface waves, patterns in certain open flow systems, oscillatory chemical reactions, static and dynamic patterns in biological media, crystallization fronts, and patterns in nonlinear optics. A concluding section summarizes what has and has not been accomplished, and attempts to assess the prospects for the future.

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Pattern formation outside of equilibrium

Flavonoids are nearly ubiquitous in plants and are recognized as the pigments responsible for the colors of leaves, especially in autumn. They are rich in seeds, citrus fruits, olive oil, tea, and red wine. They are low molecular weight compounds composed of a three-ring structure with various substitutions. This basic structure is shared by tocopherols (vitamin E). Flavonoids can be subdivided according to the presence of an oxy group at position 4, a double bond between carbon atoms 2 and 3, or a hydroxyl group in position 3 of the C (middle) ring. These characteristics appear to also be required for best activity, especially antioxidant and antiproliferative, in the systems studied. The particular hydroxylation pattern of the B ring of the flavonoles increases their activities, especially in inhibition of mast cell secretion. Certain plants and spices containing flavonoids have been used for thousands of years in traditional Eastern medicine. In spite of the voluminous literature available, however, Western medicine has not yet used flavonoids therapeutically, even though their safety record is exceptional. Suggestions are made where such possibilities may be worth pursuing.

The Effects of Plant Flavonoids on Mammalian Cells:Implications for Inflammation, Heart Disease, and Cancer

We study the selection of the shape and growth velocity of three-dimensional dendritic crystals in cubically anisotropic materials. We demonstrate that aside from minor additional complexities due to the lack of axisymmetry, the recently discovered mechanism of "microscopic solvability" can be extended to these systems and used to find a unique needle-crystal solution of the equations of thermal diffusion-controlled solidification. For 1% crystal anisotropy our calculation yields a dimensionless growth rate ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{0}={\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{*}{p}^{2}$, for Peclet number $p$, with ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{*}=0.0195$.

Growth velocity of three-dimensional dendritic crystals.

We study the steady-state motion of mode III cracks propagating on a lattice exhibiting viscoelastic dynamics. The introduction of a Kelvin viscosity {eta} allows for a direct comparison between lattice results and continuum treatments. Utilizing both numerical and analytical (Wiener-Hopf) techniques, we explore this comparison as a function of the driving displacement {Delta} and the number of transverse rows {ital N}. At any {ital N}, the continuum theory misses the lattice-trapping phenomenon; this is well known, but the introduction of {eta} introduces some new twists. More importantly, for large {ital N} even at large {Delta}, the standard two-dimensional elastodynamics approach completely misses the {eta}-dependent velocity selection, as this selection disappears completely in the leading order naive continuum limit of the lattice problem. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}

/pdf/steady-state-cracks-in-viscoelastic-lattice-models-jyoq6zaqpw.pdf

Steady-state cracks in viscoelastic lattice models.

We study the roughness of aggregates that are formed by ballistic deposition with nonzero flux density of incoming particles. The flux density is controlled by a parameter 0\ensuremath{\le}p\ensuremath{\le}1. The scaling behavior of the interfacial width \ensuremath{\xi} does not depend on p and is the same as \ensuremath{\xi} found in a variety of other, related models. For short times \ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\propto}${t}^{1/3}$ for a one-dimensional substrate and \ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\propto}${t}^{0.22}$ for two-dimensional ones. The latter is not consistent with various theoretical predictions. Rough numerical estimates for the long-time exponent are also presented. In addition, we derive a relation between the width of the geometrical boundary of the aggregate and the width of the active region of growth. This relation, true for models in which the active zone is asymptotically correlated to the surface of the aggregate, is verified by our simulations.

Dynamical scaling of the surface of finite-density ballistic aggregation

Over the past several decades it has been increasingly recognized that stochastic processes play a central role in transcription. Although many stochastic effects have been explained, the source of transcriptional bursting (one of the most well-known sources of stochasticity) has continued to evade understanding. Recent results have pointed to mechanical feedback as the source of transcriptional bursting, but a reconciliation of this perspective with preexisting views of transcriptional regulation is lacking. In this article, we present a simple phenomenological model that is able to incorporate the traditional view of gene expression within a framework with mechanical limits to transcription. By introducing a simple competition between mechanical arrest and relaxation copy number probability distributions collapse onto a shared universal curve under shifting and rescaling and a lower limit of intrinsic noise for any mean expression level is found.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/113/49/13983.full.pdf

Mechanical bounds to transcriptional noise.

We investigate the formation of β-sheet structures in proteins without sequence-dependent side-chain interactions. To accomplish this, we introduce a model which explicitly incorporates both solvation effects and the angular dependence (on the protein backbone) of hydrogen bond formation. The thermodynamics of this model is studied by exploring the density of states for the entire system and the local couplings in a partially folded structure. Our results suggest that solvation dynamics together with the H-bond angular dependence gives rise to a generic cooperativity in this class of systems; this result explains why pathological aggregates involving β-sheet cores can form from many different proteins. Our work provides the foundation for the construction of phenomenological models to investigate topology effects in β-sheet folding and the competition between native folding and nonspecific aggregation.

David A. Kessler

Papers

Growth velocity of three-dimensional dendritic crystals.

Steady-state cracks in viscoelastic lattice models.

Dynamical scaling of the surface of finite-density ballistic aggregation

Mechanical bounds to transcriptional noise.

Mechanisms of cooperativity underlying sequence-independent β-sheet formation