다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

A comprehensive review of spatiotemporal pattern formation in systems driven away from equilibrium is presented, with emphasis on comparisons between theory and quantitative experiments. Examples include patterns in hydrodynamic systems such as thermal convection in pure fluids and binary mixtures, Taylor-Couette flow, parametric-wave instabilities, as well as patterns in solidification fronts, nonlinear optics, oscillatory chemical reactions and excitable biological media. The theoretical starting point is usually a set of deterministic equations of motion, typically in the form of nonlinear partial differential equations. These are sometimes supplemented by stochastic terms representing thermal or instrumental noise, but for macroscopic systems and carefully designed experiments the stochastic forces are often negligible. An aim of theory is to describe solutions of the deterministic equations that are likely to be reached starting from typical initial conditions and to persist at long times. A unified description is developed, based on the linear instabilities of a homogeneous state, which leads naturally to a classification of patterns in terms of the characteristic wave vector q0 and frequency ω0 of the instability. Type Is systems (ω0=0, q0≠0) are stationary in time and periodic in space; type IIIo systems (ω0≠0, q0=0) are periodic in time and uniform in space; and type Io systems (ω0≠0, q0≠0) are periodic in both space and time. Near a continuous (or supercritical) instability, the dynamics may be accurately described via "amplitude equations," whose form is universal for each type of instability. The specifics of each system enter only through the nonuniversal coefficients. Far from the instability threshold a different universal description known as the "phase equation" may be derived, but it is restricted to slow distortions of an ideal pattern. For many systems appropriate starting equations are either not known or too complicated to analyze conveniently. It is thus useful to introduce phenomenological order-parameter models, which lead to the correct amplitude equations near threshold, and which may be solved analytically or numerically in the nonlinear regime away from the instability. The above theoretical methods are useful in analyzing "real pattern effects" such as the influence of external boundaries, or the formation and dynamics of defects in ideal structures. An important element in nonequilibrium systems is the appearance of deterministic chaos. A greal deal is known about systems with a small number of degrees of freedom displaying "temporal chaos," where the structure of the phase space can be analyzed in detail. For spatially extended systems with many degrees of freedom, on the other hand, one is dealing with spatiotemporal chaos and appropriate methods of analysis need to be developed. In addition to the general features of nonequilibrium pattern formation discussed above, detailed reviews of theoretical and experimental work on many specific systems are presented. These include Rayleigh-Benard convection in a pure fluid, convection in binary-fluid mixtures, electrohydrodynamic convection in nematic liquid crystals, Taylor-Couette flow between rotating cylinders, parametric surface waves, patterns in certain open flow systems, oscillatory chemical reactions, static and dynamic patterns in biological media, crystallization fronts, and patterns in nonlinear optics. A concluding section summarizes what has and has not been accomplished, and attempts to assess the prospects for the future.

/pdf/pattern-formation-outside-of-equilibrium-1601b9znum.pdf

Pattern formation outside of equilibrium

Flavonoids are nearly ubiquitous in plants and are recognized as the pigments responsible for the colors of leaves, especially in autumn. They are rich in seeds, citrus fruits, olive oil, tea, and red wine. They are low molecular weight compounds composed of a three-ring structure with various substitutions. This basic structure is shared by tocopherols (vitamin E). Flavonoids can be subdivided according to the presence of an oxy group at position 4, a double bond between carbon atoms 2 and 3, or a hydroxyl group in position 3 of the C (middle) ring. These characteristics appear to also be required for best activity, especially antioxidant and antiproliferative, in the systems studied. The particular hydroxylation pattern of the B ring of the flavonoles increases their activities, especially in inhibition of mast cell secretion. Certain plants and spices containing flavonoids have been used for thousands of years in traditional Eastern medicine. In spite of the voluminous literature available, however, Western medicine has not yet used flavonoids therapeutically, even though their safety record is exceptional. Suggestions are made where such possibilities may be worth pursuing.

The Effects of Plant Flavonoids on Mammalian Cells:Implications for Inflammation, Heart Disease, and Cancer

Interface-fitted Simulation of Multi-Material Sheath Flow using MDG-ICE

Current models of animal evolution focus on selection of individuals, ignoring the much faster selection of symbiotic bacteria. Here we take host-symbiont interactions into account by introducing a Population Genetics-like model of holobionts exposed to toxic stress. The stress can be alleviated by selection of resistant individuals (host and bacteria) and by secretion of a detoxification agent (″detox″). By defining a new measure, termed the ′Lamarckian′, we show that selection of resistant bacteria over one generation of hosts leads to stress-dependent increase in the tolerance of the hosts′ offspring. This benefit is mediated by co-alleviation of toxic and physiologic stress. Prolonged exposure leads to further adaptation by ′group selection′ of bacterial communities with higher detox per bacterium. These findings show that Lamarckian adaptation can arise via interactions between two levels of Darwinian selection within a holobiont system. The conclusions and modelling framework are applicable to diverse types of holobiont systems.

https://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/12/21/093120.full.pdf

Darwinian Selection Induces Lamarckian Adaptation in a Holobiont Model

The extinction transition on a 1D heterogeneous substrate with diffusive correlations is studied. Diffusively correlated heterogeneity is shown to affect the location of the transition point, as the reactants adapt to the fluctuating environment. At the transition point the density decays like t − 0.159 , as in directed percolation. However, the scaling function describing the behavior away from the transition and other critical exponents shows significant deviations from the known DP behavior. It is suggested, thus, that the off-transition behavior of the system is governed by local adaptation to favored regions.

Directed percolation and the extinction transition on a diffusive substrate

We show that in a large class of equations, solitons formed from generic initial conditions do not have infinitely long exponential tails, but are truncated by a region of Gaussian decay. This phenomenon makes it possible to treat solitons as localized, individual objects. For the case of the Korteweg‐de Vries equation, we show how the Gaussian decay emerges in the inverse scattering formalism. @S1063-651X~98!02212-0# PACS number~s!: 03.40.Kf, 02.30.Jr, 47.35.1i, 47.54.1r Recently, progress has been made understanding the time development of the leading exponential edge in propagating fronts @1#. Inspired by results on fronts in the Fisher equation @2,3#, it was shown in Ref. @1# that in generic reactiondiffusion equation such as the Ginzburg-Landau ~GL! equation, an initial condition with a compact front gives rise to a front with a leading exponential edge that does not extend forever, but rather is cut off a finite distance ahead of the front. The need for this is clear on physical grounds: the front, if one is sufficiently far ahead of it, has not had time to make its presence felt, and so the field exhibits the typical Gaussian falloff of the Green’s function ~which lacks an intrinsic scale!. It was discovered that there is a well-defined transition region of width O(At) wherein the field crosses over from the steady-state exponential to Gaussian falloff. This ‘‘precursor’’ transition region propagates out ahead of the front, with a velocity c* which is greater than twice the velocity c of the front itself. Given the basic underlying physics, the existence of such transition regions must be a very general phenomenon, true not just of reaction-diffusion fronts, but of other propagating solutions, such as the solitons in the Korteweg‐de Vries ~KdV! equation ut52uxxx16uux . ~1! The known exact one-soliton solutions take the form u(x,t)52 1 csech 2 @ 1 Ac(x2x 02ct)#, and exhibit exponential decay for large x. The inverse scattering transform @4# tells us that the solution of the KdV equation with generic initial condition u(x,0)5f(x) @with f(x)!0 sufficiently rapidly as uxu!‘# consists of a train of solitons moving to the right, along with a dispersive wave traveling to the left. As above, we can argue that when f(x) has compact support, the solution emerges from the rightmost soliton decaying as exp(2Acx), where c is the relevant speed, but for sufficiently largex the presence of the solitons will not yet be felt, and the behavior of the solution will be determined by the Green’s function of the linearized equation ut52uxxx , i.e., u will decay roughly as exp(22x 3/2 /3A3t) @5#. Thus there is a transition in the nature of the decay. How and where does this transition take place? If there is more than one soliton in the soliton train, say two, with speeds c 1 ,c 2 (c 2.c 1.0), then a further problem arises. The solution emerges from the faster-moving soliton decaying as exp(2Ac 2x), but because the tail of the slowermoving soliton falls slower, it is possible that it will return to dominate, i.e., the decay will slow to exp(2Ac 1x). @For very large x, as explained above, the solution must go roughly as exp(22x 3/2 /3A3t).# We note that exact two-soliton solutions

Universal gaussian falloff in soliton tails

A classical random walker starting on a node of a finite graph will always reach any other node since the search is ergodic, namely it is fully exploring space, hence the arrival probability is unity. For quantum walks, destructive interference may induce effectively non-ergodic features in such search processes. Under repeated projective local measurements, made on a target state, the final detection of the system is not guaranteed since the Hilbert space is split into a bright subspace and an orthogonal dark one. Using this we find an uncertainty relation for the deviations of the detection probability from its classical counterpart, in terms of the energy fluctuations.

David A. Kessler

Papers

Interface-fitted Simulation of Multi-Material Sheath Flow using MDG-ICE

Darwinian Selection Induces Lamarckian Adaptation in a Holobiont Model

Directed percolation and the extinction transition on a diffusive substrate

Universal gaussian falloff in soliton tails

Uncertainty relation between detection probability and energy fluctuations