抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

3.2.3. Hydroformylation 2467 3.2.4. Dimerization 2468 3.2.5. Oxidative Cleavage and Ozonolysis 2469 3.2.6. Metathesis 2470 4. Terpenes 2472 4.1. Pinene 2472 4.1.1. Isomerization: R-Pinene 2472 4.1.2. Epoxidation of R-Pinene 2475 4.1.3. Isomerization of R-Pinene Oxide 2477 4.1.4. Hydration of R-Pinene: R-Terpineol 2478 4.1.5. Dehydroisomerization 2479 4.2. Limonene 2480 4.2.1. Isomerization 2480 4.2.2. Epoxidation: Limonene Oxide 2480 4.2.3. Isomerization of Limonene Oxide 2481 4.2.4. Dehydroisomerization of Limonene and Terpenes To Produce Cymene 2481

Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals

Fundamental features of microbial cellulose utilization are examined at successively higher levels of aggregation encompassing the structure and composition of cellulosic biomass, taxonomic diversity, cellulase enzyme systems, molecular biology of cellulase enzymes, physiology of cellulolytic microorganisms, ecological aspects of cellulase-degrading communities, and rate-limiting factors in nature. The methodological basis for studying microbial cellulose utilization is considered relative to quantification of cells and enzymes in the presence of solid substrates as well as apparatus and analysis for cellulose-grown continuous cultures. Quantitative description of cellulose hydrolysis is addressed with respect to adsorption of cellulase enzymes, rates of enzymatic hydrolysis, bioenergetics of microbial cellulose utilization, kinetics of microbial cellulose utilization, and contrasting features compared to soluble substrate kinetics. A biological perspective on processing cellulosic biomass is presented, including features of pretreated substrates and alternative process configurations. Organism development is considered for "consolidated bioprocessing" (CBP), in which the production of cellulolytic enzymes, hydrolysis of biomass, and fermentation of resulting sugars to desired products occur in one step. Two organism development strategies for CBP are examined: (i) improve product yield and tolerance in microorganisms able to utilize cellulose, or (ii) express a heterologous system for cellulose hydrolysis and utilization in microorganisms that exhibit high product yield and tolerance. A concluding discussion identifies unresolved issues pertaining to microbial cellulose utilization, suggests approaches by which such issues might be resolved, and contrasts a microbially oriented cellulose hydrolysis paradigm to the more conventional enzymatically oriented paradigm in both fundamental and applied contexts.

/pdf/microbial-cellulose-utilization-fundamentals-and-4yec12qx1c.pdf

Microbial cellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology.

KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)〔和文〕 (特集 ゲノム医学の現在と未来--基礎と臨床) -- (データベース)

Although it is generally accepted that plant community composition is key for predicting rates of ecosystem processes in the face of global change, microbial community composition is often ignored in ecosystem modeling. To address this issue, we review recent experiments and assess whether microbial community composition is resistant, resilient, or functionally redundant in response to four different disturbances. We find that the composition of most microbial groups is sensitive and not immediately resilient to disturbance, regardless of taxonomic breadth of the group or the type of disturbance. Other studies demonstrate that changes in composition are often associated with changes in ecosystem process rates. Thus, changes in microbial communities due to disturbance may directly affect ecosystem processes. Based on these relationships, we propose a simple framework to incorporate microbial community composition into ecosystem process models. We conclude that this effort would benefit from more empirical data on the links among microbial phylogeny, physiological traits, and disturbance responses. These relationships will determine how readily microbial community composition can be used to predict the responses of ecosystem processes to global change.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/105/Supplement_1/11512.full.pdf

Resistance, resilience, and redundancy in microbial communities

Synthetic microbial consortia bioprocessing integrated with pyrolysis for efficient conversion of cellulose to valuables

Kinetics of mycobacterium M156 for chiral biotransformations

Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius represents a thermophilic, facultative anaerobic bacterial chassis, with several desirable traits for metabolic engineering and industrial production To further optimize strain productivity, a systems level understanding of its metabolism is needed, which can be facilitated by a genome-scale metabolic model Here, we present p-thermo, the most complete, curated and validated genome-scale model (to date) of Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius NCIMB 11955 It spans a total of 890 metabolites, 1175 reactions and 917 metabolic genes, forming an extensive knowledge base for P thermoglucosidasius NCIMB 11955 metabolism The model accurately predicts aerobic utilization of 22 carbon sources, and the predictive quality of internal fluxes was validated with previously published 13C-fluxomics data In an application case, p-thermo was used to facilitate more in-depth analysis of reported metabolic engineering efforts, giving additional insight into fermentative metabolism Finally, p-thermo was used to resolve a previously uncharacterised bottleneck in anaerobic metabolism, by identifying the minimal required supplemented nutrients (thiamin, biotin and iron(III)) needed to sustain anaerobic growth This highlights the usefulness of p-thermo for guiding the generation of experimental hypotheses and for facilitating data-driven metabolic engineering, expanding the use of P thermoglucosidasius as a high yield production platform

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/02/01/2021.02.01.429138.full.pdf

Genome-scale metabolic modelling of P. thermoglucosidasius NCIMB 11955 reveals metabolic bottlenecks in anaerobic metabolism

A method of effecting a liquid phase biotransformation of precursor to product comprising a step of contacting an aqueous phase containing a biocatalyst with an organic phase containing the precursor across a selectively permeable polymeric membrane, allowing permeation of precursor through that membrane, allowing reaction to take place whereby precursor is at least partly transformed into product in said aqueous phase, and said product permeating back into the organic phase through said membrane. Apparatus for carrying the method into effect is also disclosed and can be 'closed' modular or 'open' with a gas/liquid interface with a receptacle for one of the liquid phases.

Apparatus and method for biotransformations

This dataset was created as a compilation of experimental data in the literature on the production of medium chain carboxylic acids (MCCAs) by microbial mixed cultures (MMC) fermentation. The intention was to provide a dataset as comprehensive as possible that includes the majority of experimental results available in this research area to the best of our knowledge. The focus lied on MMC-based studies processing complex organic feedstock, yet selected studies were included on synthetic substrates. The relevant literature studies were collected and experimental results categorized according to bioreactor operation, i.e. batch, fed-batch and (semi-)continuous. Operational parameters, such as feedstock type, organic loading rate, temperature, etc., were extracted from information reported in studies and placed alongside product outcome in terms of MCCA production for each experiment. This dataset forms the backbone of the discussion and figure generation of the literature review "Medium chain carboxylic acids from complex organic feedstock by mixed culture fermentation" by V. De Groof, M. Coma, T. Arnot, D. Leak, A. Lanham. Published in MDPI Molecules: Special Issue "Chemicals from Food Supply Chain By-Products and Waste Streams" 2019.

Dataset on experimental data available in the literature on "Medium chain carboxylic acids from complex organic feedstock by mixed culture fermentation"

David J. Leak

Papers

Synthetic microbial consortia bioprocessing integrated with pyrolysis for efficient conversion of cellulose to valuables

Kinetics of mycobacterium M156 for chiral biotransformations

Genome-scale metabolic modelling of P. thermoglucosidasius NCIMB 11955 reveals metabolic bottlenecks in anaerobic metabolism

Apparatus and method for biotransformations

Dataset on experimental data available in the literature on "Medium chain carboxylic acids from complex organic feedstock by mixed culture fermentation"