The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "Frontal Lobe" tasks: a latent variable analysis.

Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Freshwater biodiversity is the over-riding conservation priority during the International Decade for Action - 'Water for Life' - 2005 to 2015. Fresh water makes up only 0.01% of the World's water and approximately 0.8% of the Earth's surface, yet this tiny fraction of global water supports at least 100000 species out of approximately 1.8 million - almost 6% of all described species. Inland waters and freshwater biodiversity constitute a valuable natural resource, in economic, cultural, aesthetic, scientific and educational terms. Their conservation and management are critical to the interests of all humans, nations and governments. Yet this precious heritage is in crisis. Fresh waters are experiencing declines in biodiversity far greater than those in the most affected terrestrial ecosystems, and if trends in human demands for water remain unaltered and species losses continue at current rates, the opportunity to conserve much of the remaining biodiversity in fresh water will vanish before the 'Water for Life' decade ends in 2015. Why is this so, and what is being done about it? This article explores the special features of freshwater habitats and the biodiversity they support that makes them especially vulnerable to human activities. We document threats to global freshwater biodiversity under five headings: overexploitation; water pollution; flow modification; destruction or degradation of habitat; and invasion by exotic species. Their combined and interacting influences have resulted in population declines and range reduction of freshwater biodiversity worldwide. Conservation of biodiversity is complicated by the landscape position of rivers and wetlands as 'receivers' of land-use effluents, and the problems posed by endemism and thus non-substitutability. In addition, in many parts of the world, fresh water is subject to severe competition among multiple human stakeholders. Protection of freshwater biodiversity is perhaps the ultimate conservation challenge because it is influenced by the upstream drainage network, the surrounding land, the riparian zone, and - in the case of migrating aquatic fauna - downstream reaches. Such prerequisites are hardly ever met. Immediate action is needed where opportunities exist to set aside intact lake and river ecosystems within large protected areas. For most of the global land surface, trade-offs between conservation of freshwater biodiversity and human use of ecosystem goods and services are necessary. We advocate continuing attempts to check species loss but, in many situations, urge adoption of a compromise position of management for biodiversity conservation, ecosystem functioning and resilience, and human livelihoods in order to provide a viable long-term basis for freshwater conservation. Recognition of this need will require adoption of a new paradigm for biodiversity protection and freshwater ecosystem management - one that has been appropriately termed 'reconciliation ecology'.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/96AA265E3D88C95FB802E7A73CCB4332/S1464793105006950a.pdf/div-class-title-freshwater-biodiversity-importance-threats-status-and-conservation-challenges-div.pdf

Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges

Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

http://download.neurosky.com/docs/papers/bcq/Klimesch_1999_EEG_alpha_and_theta_oscillations_reflect_cognitive_and_memory_performance.pdf

EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis

-back task and concluded that gender differences in multitasking reflect spatial ability. Here, we suggest (a) that there are no gender differences in a ubiquitous real-world version of multitasking (i.e., talking on a cell phone while driving), (b) that the data reported by Mantyla do not, in fact, provide clear and unambiguous evidence for gender differences in multitasking, and (c) that individual differences in the ability to multitask are more likely associated with executive attention.First, in previous work, we (Watson & Strayer, 2010) examined individual differences in the ability to concur-rently operate a motor vehicle and talk on a cell phone, a multitasking activity engaged in by the majority of driv-ers on the roadway (AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 2011). Because driving involves spatial processing for route navigation and lane maintenance, it seems reason-able to look for gender differences in multitasking in this context. Table 1 presents difference scores for dual-task minus single-task performance in our 2010 study, sepa-rated by gender. It is important to note that there are no gender differences in multitasking ability (all

Gender Invariance in Multitasking A Comment on Mäntylä (2013)

We sampled the hyporheic cyclopoid copepods of 14 unpolluted sites in the eastern United States to test whether community composition differed between glaciated and unglaciated sites. We found 31 species of cyclopoids in all, over half of which were new to science or only recently described. All of these newly discovered species were interstitial specialists (stygobionts) living in the unglaciated Southeast, suggesting that many new species of hyporheic cyclopoids remain to be found in this region. Glaciated sites contained fewer species of interstitial specialists (but not fewer species of generalists) and fewer narrowly endemic species than unglaciated sites. Further, ordination results suggest that there is a break in species composition near the glacial border. In contrast, local ecological conditions had much weaker effects on species composition. We also found strong differences between interstitial specialists and generalists in local distributions within our study sites and in range size-abundance relationships. Our results thus show that glaciation has strong residual effects on the composition of present-day communities of hyporheic cyclopoids.

Distribution of hyporheic cyclopoids (Crustacea: Copepoda) in the eastern United States

Summary

1. Hyper-successful exotic species can both displace the native prey that formerly made up a native predator’s diet and represent an abundant potential prey resource for native predators. Little is known about how this drastic change affects native predators, or their short- and long term potential to regulate the exotic species.



2. We compared zebra mussel consumption by pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus) and rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) from populations that were either previously exposed to zebra mussels or naive to them.



3. Fish from populations with longer exposure to zebra mussels consumed many more zebra mussels than fish from populations with shorter or no previous exposure to zebra mussels.



4. Our experiment does not allow us to identify the mechanisms that underlie the patterns we found, but we discuss several plausible scenarios and their ecological implications.



5. Predator adaptation to exotic prey may be an important but overlooked factor in invasion biology. The initial response to exotic prey by a native predator may be a poor estimate of its ability to present biotic resistance to the invasion over the long term.

Intraspecific variation in the consumption of exotic prey - a mechanism that increases biotic resistance against invasive species?

Driver distraction is increasingly recognized as a significant source of injuries and fatalities on the roadway. Distraction can arise from visual/manual interference, for example, when a driver ta...

Is the Technology in Your Car Driving You to Distraction

We investigated the distribution of aquatic oligochaetes and Aeolosoma in the hyporheic zone and other underground habitats in southeastern New York. Twenty-four species of oligochaetes were found, exclusive of the Enchytraeidae, which could not be identified to species. Two of the species, Rhyacodrilus cf. subterraneus and Chaetogaster cf. krasnopolskiae, are reported for the first time from North America. Most of the oligochaetes found in underground waters are widespread in surface waters as well. Annual cycles of abundance and reproductive activity of five abundant taxa are described; these cycles are similar to those of the oligochaetes from lakes and streams. INTRODUCTION The underground waters of North America remain largely unexplored biologically, despite the economic importance of groundwaters, the ecologically significant connections between groundand surface waters (e.g, Hynes, 1983) and the demonstration by European zoologists that underground waters contain rich and often distinctive faunas (Delamare Deboutteville, 1960; Botosaneanu, 1986). Notable exceptions include ecological and evolutionary studies of the macroscopic animals of caves (Culver, 1982; Barr and Holsinger, 1985), investigations into the systematics of some of the larger invertebrates (e.g, Holsinger, 1978; Herschler and Longley, 1986) and an increasing body of ecological works on the hyporheic macrobenthos of streams (Williams, 1984). Reported here are some of the results of a survey of the invertebrate fauna of the shallow groundwaters of southeastern New York. The goals were to describe the composition of the invertebrate communities, the natural history of their dominant members and to make comparisons with invertebrate communities of groundand surface waters elsewhere. Because of technical difficulties in sampling the fauna of underground waters, this study was limited to shallow groundwaters and zones of contact between underground and surface waters, such as gravel bars associated with streams, seeps and springs, rather than "deep" groundwater. STUDY AREA Most samples came from Dutchess or Ulster counties in southeastern New York. Single sites in nearby Litchfield Counsy, Connecticut, and in Columbia County, New York, were visited. Most of the area is underlain by shales of Ordovician age. Consequently, most surface waters in the region are hard (pH = ca. 8; Ca44 = 0.5 to 1 meq/ liter) and fertile. There are a few outcrops of limestone and, in Ulster County, a large exposure of a hard Silurian quartzite conglomerate that forms the Shawangunk Mountains. Waters on the Shawangunks are soft and acid (pH = 4 to 6; Ca44 = 0.02 to 0.2 meq/liter), in marked contrast to surrounding areas. The entire study area was glaciated. Most samples were taken from gravel bars along or beneath streams (the hyporheic zone, habitat type Li of Botosaneanu, 1986). These sites are fed largely by stream water, because the water temperature in such sites was typically only 1-3 C cooler than stream water during the summer and 1-2 C warmer than stream water during the winter. However, many of these sites receive lateral seepage from nearby slopes as well. Other samples were taken from seeps (habitat N, the hypotelminthorheic, of Botosa'Present address: 65 Linnmoore Street, Hartford, Connecticut 06114.

David L. Strayer

Papers

Gender Invariance in Multitasking A Comment on Mäntylä (2013)

Distribution of hyporheic cyclopoids (Crustacea: Copepoda) in the eastern United States

Intraspecific variation in the consumption of exotic prey - a mechanism that increases biotic resistance against invasive species?

Is the Technology in Your Car Driving You to Distraction

Aquatic Microannelids (Oligochaeta and Aphanoneura) of Underground Waters of Southeastern New York