The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "Frontal Lobe" tasks: a latent variable analysis.

Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Freshwater biodiversity is the over-riding conservation priority during the International Decade for Action - 'Water for Life' - 2005 to 2015. Fresh water makes up only 0.01% of the World's water and approximately 0.8% of the Earth's surface, yet this tiny fraction of global water supports at least 100000 species out of approximately 1.8 million - almost 6% of all described species. Inland waters and freshwater biodiversity constitute a valuable natural resource, in economic, cultural, aesthetic, scientific and educational terms. Their conservation and management are critical to the interests of all humans, nations and governments. Yet this precious heritage is in crisis. Fresh waters are experiencing declines in biodiversity far greater than those in the most affected terrestrial ecosystems, and if trends in human demands for water remain unaltered and species losses continue at current rates, the opportunity to conserve much of the remaining biodiversity in fresh water will vanish before the 'Water for Life' decade ends in 2015. Why is this so, and what is being done about it? This article explores the special features of freshwater habitats and the biodiversity they support that makes them especially vulnerable to human activities. We document threats to global freshwater biodiversity under five headings: overexploitation; water pollution; flow modification; destruction or degradation of habitat; and invasion by exotic species. Their combined and interacting influences have resulted in population declines and range reduction of freshwater biodiversity worldwide. Conservation of biodiversity is complicated by the landscape position of rivers and wetlands as 'receivers' of land-use effluents, and the problems posed by endemism and thus non-substitutability. In addition, in many parts of the world, fresh water is subject to severe competition among multiple human stakeholders. Protection of freshwater biodiversity is perhaps the ultimate conservation challenge because it is influenced by the upstream drainage network, the surrounding land, the riparian zone, and - in the case of migrating aquatic fauna - downstream reaches. Such prerequisites are hardly ever met. Immediate action is needed where opportunities exist to set aside intact lake and river ecosystems within large protected areas. For most of the global land surface, trade-offs between conservation of freshwater biodiversity and human use of ecosystem goods and services are necessary. We advocate continuing attempts to check species loss but, in many situations, urge adoption of a compromise position of management for biodiversity conservation, ecosystem functioning and resilience, and human livelihoods in order to provide a viable long-term basis for freshwater conservation. Recognition of this need will require adoption of a new paradigm for biodiversity protection and freshwater ecosystem management - one that has been appropriately termed 'reconciliation ecology'.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/96AA265E3D88C95FB802E7A73CCB4332/S1464793105006950a.pdf/div-class-title-freshwater-biodiversity-importance-threats-status-and-conservation-challenges-div.pdf

Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges

Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

http://download.neurosky.com/docs/papers/bcq/Klimesch_1999_EEG_alpha_and_theta_oscillations_reflect_cognitive_and_memory_performance.pdf

EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis

Ecosystem science is a young field that is still evolving rapidly. This chapter provides a few examples of how ecosystem science is changing and is likely to change in the future. The chapter briefly considers how ecosystem science may change in response to advances in technology, the need to understand and manage the effects of humans on ecosystems, changes in society, and conceptual advances in the way that scientists think about ecosystems.

Ecosystem Science: The Continuing Evolution of Our Discipline

The effects of altitude on human performance and cognition were evaluated in a field study performed on Mt. McKinley in Alaska. Climbers performed a series of perceptual, cognitive, and motor tasks before, during, and after climbing the West Buttress route on Mt. McKinley. Relative to a matched control group who performed the tasks at sea-level the climbers showed deficits in learning and retention on perceptual and memory tasks. Furthermore, climbers performed more slowly on most of the tasks suggesting long term deficits which may be attributed to repeated forays to high altitudes.

Human performance at the roof of North America

Ergonomics Society of the Human Factors and Human Factors: The Journal

Consumers play two key roles in ecosystem energetics: their respiration destroys organic matter that serves as the medium of energy exchange in ecosystems, and some of the organic matter a consumer eats is used for growth and reproduction (called secondary production). This chapter explores the basic energy budget of consumers and its ecological significance, and discusses the controls and prediction of secondary production, a particularly important and well studied part of consumer energetics. Finally, aspects of nutrient flow through consumer populations is briefly discussed.

Secondary Production and Consumer Energetics

This chapter discusses controls over ecosystem structure and function, which is a complicated topic, and offers some general observations about ecosystem controls that can be used in both scientific studies and management contexts. Control is defined, and several reasons why this topic occupies a central position in ecosystem science is discussed. Also, a few of the more important conclusions that ecosystem scientists have reached about how ecosystems are controlled are covered.

David L. Strayer

Papers

Ecosystem Science: The Continuing Evolution of Our Discipline

Human performance at the roof of North America

Ergonomics Society of the Human Factors and Human Factors: The Journal

Secondary Production and Consumer Energetics

Controls on Ecosystem Structure and Function