The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "Frontal Lobe" tasks: a latent variable analysis.

Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Freshwater biodiversity is the over-riding conservation priority during the International Decade for Action - 'Water for Life' - 2005 to 2015. Fresh water makes up only 0.01% of the World's water and approximately 0.8% of the Earth's surface, yet this tiny fraction of global water supports at least 100000 species out of approximately 1.8 million - almost 6% of all described species. Inland waters and freshwater biodiversity constitute a valuable natural resource, in economic, cultural, aesthetic, scientific and educational terms. Their conservation and management are critical to the interests of all humans, nations and governments. Yet this precious heritage is in crisis. Fresh waters are experiencing declines in biodiversity far greater than those in the most affected terrestrial ecosystems, and if trends in human demands for water remain unaltered and species losses continue at current rates, the opportunity to conserve much of the remaining biodiversity in fresh water will vanish before the 'Water for Life' decade ends in 2015. Why is this so, and what is being done about it? This article explores the special features of freshwater habitats and the biodiversity they support that makes them especially vulnerable to human activities. We document threats to global freshwater biodiversity under five headings: overexploitation; water pollution; flow modification; destruction or degradation of habitat; and invasion by exotic species. Their combined and interacting influences have resulted in population declines and range reduction of freshwater biodiversity worldwide. Conservation of biodiversity is complicated by the landscape position of rivers and wetlands as 'receivers' of land-use effluents, and the problems posed by endemism and thus non-substitutability. In addition, in many parts of the world, fresh water is subject to severe competition among multiple human stakeholders. Protection of freshwater biodiversity is perhaps the ultimate conservation challenge because it is influenced by the upstream drainage network, the surrounding land, the riparian zone, and - in the case of migrating aquatic fauna - downstream reaches. Such prerequisites are hardly ever met. Immediate action is needed where opportunities exist to set aside intact lake and river ecosystems within large protected areas. For most of the global land surface, trade-offs between conservation of freshwater biodiversity and human use of ecosystem goods and services are necessary. We advocate continuing attempts to check species loss but, in many situations, urge adoption of a compromise position of management for biodiversity conservation, ecosystem functioning and resilience, and human livelihoods in order to provide a viable long-term basis for freshwater conservation. Recognition of this need will require adoption of a new paradigm for biodiversity protection and freshwater ecosystem management - one that has been appropriately termed 'reconciliation ecology'.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/96AA265E3D88C95FB802E7A73CCB4332/S1464793105006950a.pdf/div-class-title-freshwater-biodiversity-importance-threats-status-and-conservation-challenges-div.pdf

Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges

Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

http://download.neurosky.com/docs/papers/bcq/Klimesch_1999_EEG_alpha_and_theta_oscillations_reflect_cognitive_and_memory_performance.pdf

EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis

Annelids (oligochaetes, aphanoneurans, and polychaetes) often are diverse and abundant in hyporheic communities, but have been little studied outside of Europe. In this study, I sampled hyporheic annelids from 14 unpolluted sites in eastern North America to (1) test whether Pleistocene glaciation has residual effects on present-day distributions of hyporheic annelids, and (2) describe the composition of hyporheic annelid communities of the region, which have not been well studied. These samples contained at least 9 families and 36 species of annelids, and were dominated by Enchytraeidae, Naididae, and Aeolosomatidae. At least four of these species (Stylodrilus wahkeenensis, Parvidrilus strayeri, and undescribed species of Potamodrilus and Lumbriculidae) were new to science, and several others are poorly known. The composition of hyporheic annelid communities was strongly related to latitude and the distance of the sampling point from the stream channel, but not to sediment grain size or organic content. Evidence for a residual effect of glaciation was weak: species richness and endemism were slightly higher in ancient unglaciated terrain than elsewhere, but these differences were not statistically significant. Further, although several specialized interstitial species (Potamodrilus sp., Parvidrilus strayeri, various Lumbriculidae) were most widespread in unglaciated terrain, others (Troglochaetus cf. beranecki, Rhyacodrilus cf. subterraneus) were widespread in glaciated terrain as well.

Ecology and distribution of hyporheic microannelids (Oligochaeta, Aphanoneura, and Polychaeta) from the eastern United States

Driver distraction is a leading cause of motor vehicle accidents, accounting for up to 25% of crashes on the roadway. Multitasking activities, such as concurrent use of a cell phone while driving, are increasingly becoming a significant source of such distraction. Driving simulators provide an important research tool for systematically and safely studying driver distraction. Carefully constructed studies can be designed to establish a causal link between a multitasking activity (e.g., cell phone conversations, text messaging, passenger conversations) and driving impairment. The authors used a car-following paradigm to examine the effects of cell-phone conversations on simulated driving. We found that driving performance was negatively influenced by both hand-held and hands-free cell-phone conversations and that the impairment was equivalent for these two modes of communication. Compared to non-distracted driving conditions, the cell-phone driver’s brake reaction times were slower and they took longer to recover their speed that was lost following braking. When drivers were conversing on a cell phone, they adopted a compensatory strategy to attempt to counteract their delayed brake reactions; however, accident rates were still higher than when drivers were not conversing on the phone. This pattern of driving behavior differs qualitatively from that of the driver conversing with a passenger in the vehicle and from that of the driver using the phone for text messaging. The authors examined a number of dependent variables related to the safe operation of a motor vehicle (e.g., speed, following distance, reaction time, etc.). Quantitative analysis of the distribution of reaction times provides insight into the mechanisms underlying the cell-phone-induced dual-task interference. The paper also discuss a number of other scenarios and dependent measures that have been used to study distracted driving. Finally, the authors address what we believe are some of the critical hardware and software issues relevant to the use of driving simulators to study the effects of multitasking on driving performance.

Profiles in Cell Phone-Induced Driver Distraction

Publisher Summary
This chapter examines the ecology and classification of gastrotricha, with focus on those found in the North America. Gastrotrichs are among the most abundant and poorly known of the freshwater invertebrates. They are nearly ubiquitous in the benthos and periphyton of freshwater habitats, with densities typically in the range of 100,000–1,000,000 per m2. Nonetheless, the remarkable life cycle of freshwater gastrotrichs was worked out only recently, and almost nothing is known about how the distribution and abundance of these animals are controlled in nature. The impact of freshwater gastrotrichs on their food resources or freshwater ecosystems has not yet been investigated. Gastrotrichs usually are now considered to constitute a phylum of their own. The evolutionary placement of gastrotrichs is unclear. The phylum contains two orders: Macrodasyida, which consists almost entirely of marine species, and Chaetonotida, containing marine, freshwater, and semiterrestrial species. Twelve genera and fewer than 100 species of freshwater gastrotrichs are now known from North America.

Chapter 7 – Gastrotricha

We developed a new method for simultaneously assessing the workload of a driver and a non-driver engaged in natural conversation either in the vehicle or over a cell phone. For both the driver and non-driver, talking was found to be more demanding than listening and the pattern was identical for both passenger conversations and cell phone conversations. Operating the vehicle increased the workload for the driver over and above the conversation task. The effects of driving (or not) and talking (or not) were found to be additive. The data reveal a pattern of dynamic fluctuation in workload in driver/non-driver conversational dyads.

https://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1659&context=drivingassessment

David L. Strayer

Papers

Ecology and distribution of hyporheic microannelids (Oligochaeta, Aphanoneura, and Polychaeta) from the eastern United States

Profiles in Cell Phone-Induced Driver Distraction

Chapter 7 – Gastrotricha

Dynamic Workload Fluctuations in Driver/Non-Driver Conversational DYADS

15 - A Dynamic, Evolutionary Perspective on Attention Capture1