Optical tweezers use the forces exerted by a strongly focused beam of light to trap and move objects ranging in size from tens of nanometres to tens of micrometres. Since their introduction in 1986, the optical tweezer has become an important tool for research in the fields of biology, physical chemistry and soft condensed matter physics. Recent advances promise to take optical tweezers out of the laboratory and into the mainstream of manufacturing and diagnostics; they may even become consumer products. The next generation of single-beam optical traps offers revolutionary new opportunities for fundamental and applied research.

http://physics.nyu.edu/grierlab/nreview2c/nreview2c.pdf

A revolution in optical manipulation

Photonic crystal fibers guide light by corralling it within a periodic array of microscopic air holes that run along the entire fiber length Largely through their ability to overcome the limitations of conventional fiber optics—for example, by permitting low-loss guidance of light in a hollow core—these fibers are proving to have a multitude of important technological and scientific applications spanning many disciplines The result has been a renaissance of interest in optical fibers and their uses

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/299/5605/358.full.pdf

Photonic crystal fibers

Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) has been observed in a dilute gas of sodium atoms. A Bose-Einstein condensate consists of a macroscopic population of the ground state of the system, and is a coherent state of matter. In an ideal gas, this phase transition is purely quantum-statistical. The study of BEC in weakly interacting systems which can be controlled and observed with precision holds the promise of revealing new macroscopic quantum phenomena that can be understood from first principles.

Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas of sodium atoms

As they travel through space, some light beams rotate. Such light beams have angular momentum. There are two particularly important ways in which a light beam can rotate: if every polarization vector rotates, the light has spin; if the phase structure rotates, the light has orbital angular momentum (OAM), which can be many times greater than the spin. Only in the past 20 years has it been realized that beams carrying OAM, which have an optical vortex along the axis, can be easily made in the laboratory. These light beams are able to spin microscopic objects, give rise to rotational frequency shifts, create new forms of imaging systems, and behave within nonlinear material to give new insights into quantum optics.

/pdf/orbital-angular-momentum-origins-behavior-and-applications-1sv8qfuhrs.pdf

Orbital angular momentum: origins, behavior and applications

Internet data traffic capacity is rapidly reaching limits imposed by optical fiber nonlinear effects Having almost exhausted available degrees of freedom to orthogonally multiplex data, the possibility is now being explored of using spatial modes of fibers to enhance data capacity We demonstrate the viability of using the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light to create orthogonal, spatially distinct streams of data-transmitting channels that are multiplexed in a single fiber Over 11 kilometers of a specially designed optical fiber that minimizes mode coupling, we achieved 400-gigabits-per-second data transmission using four angular momentum modes at a single wavelength, and 16 terabits per second using two OAM modes over 10 wavelengths These demonstrations suggest that OAM could provide an additional degree of freedom for data multiplexing in future fiber networks

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/340/6140/1545.full.pdf

Terabit-Scale Orbital Angular Momentum Mode Division Multiplexing in Fibers

The vortex emergence process as an integer order Bessel field progresses continuously onto the contiguous higher order Bessel field is studied in detail. We assess the progressive migration of phase singularities and explain the predicted increase in fractional orbital angular momentum content of the beam in terms of this gradual process.

Phase dynamics of continuous topological upconversion in vortex beams.

Bistability in the axial trapping position of aqueous aerosol droplets has been observed for the first time, to our knowledge, in optical tweezers. The behavior has been observed for two distinct trapping configurations, with the trapping beam oriented either along the vertical or horizontal axis. This represents the first report of the optical tweezing of aerosol droplets with a horizontally propagating laser beam. Side imaging was used in conjunction with imaging in the plane of the optical trap. Droplet sizing was performed using cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy or by applying a circular regression routine to the acquired images. Predictions from a theoretical model of optical forces are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental observations of bistability in the trapping position. These studies have significance both for the rigorous interpretation of data obtained using aerosol optical tweezers and for the modeling of aerosol optical traps.

Observation of bistability of trapping position in aerosol optical tweezers

When studying the motion of optically trapped particles on the microsecond time scale, in low-viscosity media such as air, inertia cannot be neglected. Resolution of unusual and interesting behavior not seen in colloidal trapping experiments is possible. In an attempt to explain the phenomena we use power-spectral methods to perform a parameter study of the Brownian motion of optically trapped liquid aerosol droplets concentrated around the critically damped regime. We present evidence that the system is suitably described by a simple harmonic oscillator model which must include a description of Faxen's correction, but not necessarily frequency dependent hydrodynamic corrections to Stokes' law. We also provide results describing how the system behaves under several variables and discuss the difficulty in decoupling the parameters responsible for the observed behavior. We show that due to the relatively low dynamic viscosity and high trap stiffness, it is easy to transfer between over- and underdamped motion by experimentally altering either trap stiffness or damping. Our results suggest stable aerosol trapping may be achieved in underdamped conditions, but the onset of deleterious optical forces at high trapping powers prevents the probing of the upper stability limits due to Brownian motion.

Parameter exploration of optically trapped liquid aerosols.

It is perhaps surprising that something as fragile as a microscopic droplet could possibly form a laser. In this article we will review some of the underpinning physics as to how this might be possible, and then examine the state of the art in the field. The technology to create and manipulate droplets will be examined, as will the different classes of droplet lasers. We discuss the rapidly developing fields of droplet biolasers, liquid crystal laser droplets and explore how droplet lasers could give rise to new bio and chemical sensing and analysis. The challenges that droplet lasers face in becoming robust devices, either as sensors or as photonic components in the lab on chip devices, is assessed.

/pdf/droplet-lasers-a-review-of-current-progress-16a75gtrbe.pdf

Droplet lasers: a review of current progress.

Optical trapping of liquid aerosols from polydisperse samples provides unique problems for measuring their radii. Perhaps the most precise method, cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (CERS), is limited to relatively large aerosols (>2µm in radius). Determining particle perimeters in video microscopy lacks precision and, although simple, can be ambiguous. Here we demonstrate a simple and precise method based on studying the Brownian motion of droplets as they approach a nearby surface. We obtain results with greater precision and reliability than video microscopy, and with no size limitation conclude the technique could compete with CERS in terms of precision and accuracy.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/11/6/063022/pdf

David McGloin

Papers

Phase dynamics of continuous topological upconversion in vortex beams.

Observation of bistability of trapping position in aerosol optical tweezers

Parameter exploration of optically trapped liquid aerosols.

Droplet lasers: a review of current progress.

Radius measurements of optically trapped aerosols through Brownian motion