Showing papers by "David P. Farrington published in 2013"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors test hypotheses about causal linkages among hyperactivity, low academic achievement, depression, low SES, and delinquency, and find that low achievement has the most direct influence on delinquency.
87 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that lower heart rates are significantly associated with total conviction frequency and involvement in violence, and this pattern of relationships is not altered by the inclusion of additional risk factors such as early childhood risk factors, adolescent involvement in smoking, body mass index, participation in team sports, binge drinking, or a measure of impulsivity.
61 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of longitudinal and experimental studies in criminology has advanced substantially since publication of my Crime and Justice reviews of longitudinal studies (in 1979) and randomized experiments (in 1983) and there have been more large-scale, replicated and multisite experiments.
Abstract: Longitudinal and experimental studies in criminology have advanced substantially since publication of my Crime and Justice reviews of longitudinal studies (in 1979) and randomized experiments (in 1983). Longitudinal surveys have become larger and longer-lasting; have focused more on self-reported offending; have made increasing efforts to study biological, neighborhood, and protective factors; and have increasingly investigated intergenerational transmission and desistance. Randomized experiments have become much more common in the United States but not elsewhere, and there have been more large-scale, replicated, and multisite experiments. Experiments have demonstrated that many types of interventions are effective, including nurse home visiting, cognitive-behavioral skills training, parent management training, preschool intellectual enrichment programs, multisystemic therapy, mentoring, hot spots policing, and drug courts. Experiments are needed on the effectiveness of major sentences such as pri...
51 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the costs of a life course of crime in the United Kingdom and found that high-rate chronic offending is nearly two and a half to ten times greater than the cost of high adolescence peaked offending.
Abstract: Objectives: Monetary cost estimates of criminal careers have been limited to specific samples, specific ages, and focused on the United States. This article is the first to examine the costs of a life course of crime in the United Kingdom. Method: This study uses longitudinal data from 411 South London males from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development (CSDD) to derive costs-of-crime estimates from childhood to middle adulthood (ages 10 to 50). Additional features include a calculation of cost estimates across distinct offending trajectories and centering on costs per offender. Results: Offending over the life course imposes a considerable amount of economic and social costs and these costs are differentially distributed across offending trajectories. The cost of high-rate chronic offending is nearly two and a half to ten times greater than the cost of high adolescence peaked offending, very low-rate chronic offending, and low adolescence peaked offending, respectively. It is estimated that a male h...
51 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the effect of experiencing a broken home on subsequent violence and found that self-reported violence and hyperactivity act as mediators on the effect on later violent convictions, and also found evidence for moderation of this effect by harsh discipline, nervousness, low family income, and having a young mother.
39 citations
TL;DR: This article investigated to what extent children of convicted parents might have a higher risk of a conviction themselves because criminal justice systems such as the police and courts, focus more attention towards certain criminal families - a concept called official bias.
Abstract: We investigated to what extent children of convicted parents might have a higher risk of a conviction themselves because criminal justice systems, such as the police and courts, focus more attention towards certain criminal families - a concept called official bias. Bias was measured using several variables: a convicted parent, low family income, low family socio-economic status, poor housing and a father's poor job record. A convicted parent as well as poorer social circumstances such as a father's poor job record, low family income and poor housing predicted an increased conviction risk while controlling for self-reported offending. The results support the official bias mechanism, but also suggest that other mechanisms are needed to explain intergenerational transmission of criminal convictions. © The Author 2013.
39 citations
Book•
20 Sep 2013
TL;DR: Most cited scholars in criminology and criminal justice 1986 2010 are a good way to achieve details about operating certain products as mentioned in this paper, and they can be obtained using instruction manuals. But these user guides are clearlybuilt to give step-by-step information about how you ought to go ahead in operating certain equipments.
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28 citations
TL;DR: The authors in this paper found that the prevalence of offending, and the number of offenses committed, decreased steadily after age 18 according to both convictions and self-reports, and this ratio also decreased with age.
Abstract: In the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, over 400 London males have been followed up from age 8 to age 48 in face-to-face interviews and up to age 56 in criminal records. About 42 % of the males were convicted up to age 56. During five age ranges up to age 47, 94 % of the males admitted at least one of eight offenses, in comparison with 31 % who were convicted for at least one of these offenses in these age ranges. The prevalence of offending, and the number of offenses committed, decreased steadily after age 18 according to both convictions and self-reports. On average, there were 38 self-reported offenses per conviction, and this ratio also decreased with age. Convicted males self- reported 25 offenses per conviction on average. It is concluded that the "scaling-up factor" from convictions to self-reported offenses is very important, especially in evaluating the effectiveness of intervention programs.
28 citations
TL;DR: Results show that self-reported bullying predicts only certain adult offending trajectories but that the effect becomes insignificant once controls are introduced for childhood risk factors, although this may be due to the small number of the most chronic offenders.
Abstract: The perpetration of bullying is a significant issue among researchers, policymakers, and the general public. Although researchers have examined the link between bullying and subsequent antisocial behavior, data and methodological limitations have hampered firm conclusions. This study uses longitudinal data from 411 males in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development from ages 8 to 56 in order to examine the relationship between adolescent bullying and distinct late middle adulthood trajectories of offending, in which different groups of males follow different offending pathways. Results show that self-reported bullying predicts only certain adult offending trajectories but that the effect becomes insignificant once controls are introduced for childhood risk factors, although this may be due to the small number of the most chronic offenders. Study implications and directions for future research are noted.
25 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the factors that predicted marital separation in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, which is a prospective longitudinal survey of 411 London males and found that dishonesty, having a wife with a conviction(s), convictions, a poor relationship with parents, no exams passed, unprotected sex and having a shotgun marriage predicted marital breakdown.
Abstract: We examined the factors that predicted marital separation in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, which is a prospective longitudinal survey of 411 London males. We found that dishonesty, having a wife with a conviction(s), convictions, a poor relationship with parents, no exams passed, unprotected sex and having a shotgun marriage predicted marital breakdown. Males from broken homes due to marital conflict had a moderate risk of suffering marital breakdown themselves but the effect was mediated by having conviction(s). An analysis in which separated men were matched with controls on age at marriage, prior convictions and a propensity score predicting the likelihood of separation showed that a man's convictions increased after becoming separated. However, if a man formed a new intimate relationship, the increase in convictions after separation was reduced.
TL;DR: The beneficial effects of the HIT program became more obvious over time, and the cumulative number of convictions that were saved and the benefit:cost ratio, based on fewer convictions, increased from 1.13 at 2 years to 3.93 at 10 years.
Abstract: Most research has suggested that correctional boot camps are not very successful in reducing reoffending, but recent evidence has been more encouraging for programs that include significant rehabilitative components In line with this, High Intensity Training (HIT) for offenders aged 18–21 at Thorn Cross Young Offender Institution in England was followed by a significant reduction in the number of reconvictions in a 2-year follow up This article aims to evaluate the impact of the HIT program after 10 years The evaluation used a quasi-experimental design in which male young offenders who received HIT were individually matched, on their risk of reconviction, to a comparison group who went to other prisons Official reconviction data, including the prevalence, frequency, types, and costs of offenses were used as the outcome measures Offenders who received HIT had a significantly lower prevalence and frequency of reconvictions, but their superiority over the control group reduced over time (after about 4 years) However, the cumulative number of convictions that were saved increased steadily over time, from 135 per offender at 2 years to 335 per offender at 10 years The cumulative cost savings also increased over time, and the benefit:cost ratio, based on fewer convictions, increased from 113 at 2 years to 393 at 10 years The beneficial effects of the HIT program became more obvious over time More randomized experiments and long-term follow-up research, including regular interviews, are needed to evaluate the cumulative and persisting effects of correctional interventions more accurately
TL;DR: In this paper, the reliability and validity of reports of bullying and victimisation in correctional institutions, using individual interviews, was investigated using questionnaire measures of self, peer and staff reports in one Children's Home and one Correctional Home in Croatia.
Abstract: Connell and Farrington (1997) carried out the first study of the reliability and validity of reports of bullying and victimisation in correctional institutions, using individual interviews. The present research describes the second study on this topic using questionnaire measures of self, peer and staff reports of bullying and victimisation in one Children's Home (N=16 residents, 15 peers, 6 staff, making up to 1440 comparisons) and one Correctional Home (N=19 residents, 18 peers, 6 staff, making up to 2052 comparisons) in Croatia. The present study improved on the Connell and Farrington study by examining the test–retest stability of the questionnaire and using relative improvement over chance coefficients in assessing inter-rater reliability. Unlike in the Connell and Farrington study, self-reports of bullying and victimisation were collected in small groups rather than in individual interviews. Generally, there was significant agreement between residents, peers and staff in identifying bullies...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the provisions of crimes against humanity, by pooling primary and secondary sources, tracing the history of the term through antiquity and the legacy of Nuremberg, followed by an analysis of contemporary law.
Abstract: This paper analyses the provisions of crimes against humanity, by pooling primary and secondary sources. The history of the term is traced through antiquity and the legacy of Nuremberg, followed by an analysis of contemporary law. Further analysis deals with the elements and the enumerated acts that are currently recognized internationally as crimes against humanity. Philosophical, socio-legal and criminological aspects are discussed, followed by a critical evaluation and conclusions regarding the future of Crimes against Humanity.
TL;DR: Farrington et al. as mentioned in this paper found that only 12 longitudinal-experimental studies of this nature had ever been completed up to 2011, and that very few of these projects have involved really long-term follow-ups.
Abstract: The book Understanding and Controlling Crime: Toward a New Research Strategy (Farrington et al. 1986) set out in great detail the advantages of a project in which there were several years of data collection (preferably in face-to-face interviews), followed by one experimental intervention, followed by several more years of data collection. However, as shown in the more recent reviews by Farrington (2006), Loeber and Farrington (2008), and Farrington et al. (2010), these kinds of longitudinalexperimental studies have never been carried out in criminology. There have been a number of longitudinal-experimental studies in which an initial experimental intervention was then followed up over time. However, very few of these projects have involved really long-term follow-ups. Farrington and Welsh (2013) reviewed randomized experiments with at least 50 persons per condition initially, or at least 100 persons initially allocated to two conditions: an outcome measure of offending, and a follow-up period after the intervention of at least 10 years, with interview, questionnaire, or record data. They found that only 12 longitudinal-experimental studies of this nature had ever been completed up to 2011. The longest-lasting projects were the CambridgeSomerville Study (38 years; McCord 1990) and the Perry Preschool Program (36 years; Schweinhart et al. 2005). Other long-lasting studies with follow-up interviews or questionnaires were the Abecedarian project (21 years; Campbell et al. 2002), the Nurse-Family Partnership (19 years; Eckenrode et al. 2010), the Infant Health and Development Program (18 years; McCormick et al. 2006), and the Montreal Longitudinal-Experimental Study (17 years; Boisjoli et al. 2007). These were the most important six studies; other projects had shorter follow-ups (e.g., Fast Track: CPPRG 2010), had follow-ups only in records (e.g., the Missouri Delinquency J Exp Criminol (2013) 9:385–388 DOI 10.1007/s11292-013-9195-y
TL;DR: Wilson was a great advocate of early prevention of delinquency and later offending as mentioned in this paper, which is part of his enduring legacy to the field of criminology, and his influence on early crime prevention can be traced back to the early 1980s and 1990s.
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: Within a Japanese context, the findings reveal that the gender difference in common delinquency is only significant within more patriarchal households and is non-significant in less patriarchal households, meaning that power-control theory may be more applicable to more patriarchal societies like Japan than to more egalitarian societies like Canada.
Abstract: The present study investigates the applicability of power-control theory in explaining the gender discrepancy in deviance and delinquency in Japan, a patriarchal society. Conceived by Hagan and his colleagues, power-control theory attempts to explain gender differences in criminality and suggests that occupational patriarchy is responsible for this gender discrepancy in crime. Within a Japanese context, the findings reveal that the gender difference in common delinquency is only significant within more patriarchal households and is non-significant in less patriarchal households. These results are more distinct than the previous results from a Canadian sample, meaning that power-control theory may be more applicable to more patriarchal societies like Japan than to more egalitarian societies like Canada.
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: The authors provided an in-depth exploration into the prevalence and frequency of offending among the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development males with a specific focus on the similarities, differences, and overlap across offending estimates from the two crime data sources (official versus self-report).
Abstract: Other than official data, self-report data is the second most utilized source for information on offending. Recognizing the inherent limitations of official and self-report data in terms of sources for crime measurement, this chapter provides an in-depth exploration into the prevalence and frequency of offending among the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development males with a specific focus on the similarities, differences, and overlap across offending estimates from the two crime data sources (official versus self-report). The ratio of self-reported to official offenses is also reviewed and disaggregated by offense type.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the applicability of power control theory in explaining the gender discrepancy in deviance and delinquency in Japan, a patriarchal society, was investigated and it was found that the gender difference in common delinquency is only significant within more patriarchal households and is non-significant in less patriarchal households.
Abstract: The present study investigates the applicability of power-control theory in explaining the gender discrepancy in deviance and delinquency in Japan, a patriarchal society. Conceived by Hagan and his colleagues, power-control theory attempts to explain gender differences in criminality and suggests that occupational patriarchy is responsible for this gender discrepancy in crime. Within a Japanese context, the findings reveal that the gender difference in common delinquency is only significant within more patriarchal households and is non-significant in less patriarchal households. These results are more distinct than the previous results from a Canadian sample, meaning that power-control theory may be more applicable to more patriarchal societies like Japan than to more egalitarian societies like Canada.
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: In this article, the most comprehensive trajectory analyses to date among the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development males from ages 10 to 56 were presented, where trajectory solutions were identified across a series of age ranges (e.g., ages 10-16, ages 10 -24, ages 11-24, age 10-30, age 11-33, age 12-34, age 14-36, age 15-40, age 18-48, and age 56).
Abstract: Life-course research has benefited recently from the development and application of advanced statistical methods, most notably group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM). These methods have allowed life-course researchers to assess taxonomies of offending and identify distinct offender trajectories. Guided by this methodological framework, this chapter offers the most comprehensive trajectory analyses to date among the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development males from ages 10 to 56. Specifically, trajectory solutions are identified across a series of age ranges (e.g., ages 10–16, ages 10–24, ages 10–32, ages 10–40, ages 10–48, and ages 10–56). Subsequent analyses focus on comparing the stability in trajectory solutions across age ranges and the ability of childhood risk factors to differentiate trajectory groups generally and among Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development males who evince the most childhood risk specifically.
05 Sep 2013
TL;DR: The dictionary of Forensic Psychology is acyclopaedia of forensic psychology, with a focus on the study of forensic anthropology and its applications in the criminal justice system.
Abstract: List of entries. List of contributors. Table of cases. Acknowledgements. Introduction and overview. Dictionary of Forensic Psychology. Appendix I: Abbreviations. List of references
01 Jan 2013
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the process whereby the criminal record searches were conducted in order to construct the life-course conviction records among the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development males from ages 10 to 56.
Abstract: Official criminal records are one of the most well-known sources of crime data. Accordingly, this chapter reviews the process whereby the criminal record searches were conducted in order to construct the life-course conviction records among the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development males from ages 10 to 56. This rich offending information is then analyzed with a particular focus on the key criminal career dimensions of onset age, offending continuity, and criminal career length. The incarceration histories of the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development males are briefly reviewed also.
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development (CSDE) as discussed by the authors is one of the longest and most comprehensive, prospective longitudinal studies in the world focusing on offending, risk factors, and life events.
Abstract: The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development represents one of the longest and most comprehensive, prospective longitudinal studies in the world focusing on offending, risk factors, and life events. Evidence gleaned from nearly five decades of research has generated a wealth of empirical information relevant for criminology and related disciplines with regard to family criminality, the relationship between employment and crime, risk factors associated with offending, the association between offending and adverse physical health outcomes, and the costs of crime. This chapter reviews these research findings in detail and concludes with a discussion of the strengths and limitations of the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development.
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: A brief overview of criminal career research and the Pittsburgh Youth Study (PYS) can be found in this paper, where the authors introduce the PYS as a tool to explore the various dimensions of criminal careers.
Abstract: Criminal career research can be dated back to the early writings of Adolphe Quetelet in the 1800s. However, only in the last several decades has criminological research begun to flesh out the various dimensions of criminal careers and approached theorizing and empirical research through a more developmental lens. In recognition of the relevance of and gaps in the current developmental/life-course criminology literature, this chapter provides a brief overview of criminal career research and introduces the Pittsburgh Youth Study (PYS).