https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/159777/1/j.cell.2006.07.024.pdf

Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.

Cell signaling by receptor-tyrosine kinases

http://web.stanford.edu/group/brunet/Cell1999

Akt Promotes Cell Survival by Phosphorylating and Inhibiting a Forkhead Transcription Factor

Much of the work conducted on adult stem cells has focused on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) found within the bone marrow stroma. Adipose tissue, like bone marrow, is derived from the embryonic mesenchyme and contains a stroma that is easily isolated. Preliminary studies have recently identified a putative stem cell population within the adipose stromal compartment. This cell population, termed processed lipoaspirate (PLA) cells, can be isolated from human lipoaspirates and, like MSCs, differentiate toward the osteogenic, adipogenic, myogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. To confirm whether adipose tissue contains stem cells, the PLA population and multiple clonal isolates were analyzed using several molecular and biochemical approaches. PLA cells expressed multiple CD marker antigens similar to those observed on MSCs. Mesodermal lineage induction of PLA cells and clones resulted in the expression of multiple lineage-specific genes and proteins. Furthermore, biochemical analysis also confirmed lineage-specific activity. In addition to mesodermal capacity, PLA cells and clones differentiated into putative neurogenic cells, exhibiting a neuronal-like morphology and expressing several proteins consistent with the neuronal phenotype. Finally, PLA cells exhibited unique characteristics distinct from those seen in MSCs, including differences in CD marker profile and gene expression.

/pdf/human-adipose-tissue-is-a-source-of-multipotent-stem-cells-18jo72s52v.pdf

Human Adipose Tissue Is a Source of Multipotent Stem Cells

Akt Phosphorylation of BAD Couples Survival Signals to the Cell-Intrinsic Death Machinery

A signaling pathway was delineated by which insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) promotes the survival of cerebellar neurons. IGF-1 activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) triggered the activation of two protein kinases, the serine-threonine kinase Akt and the p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K). Experiments with pharmacological inhibitors, as well as expression of wild-type and dominant-inhibitory forms of Akt, demonstrated that Akt but not p70S6K mediates PI3-K-dependent survival. These findings suggest that in the developing nervous system, Akt is a critical mediator of growth factor-induced neuronal survival.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/275/5300/661.full.pdf

Regulation of Neuronal Survival by the Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase Akt

https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/0092-8674(95)90534-0.pdf

The protein kinase encoded by the Akt proto-oncogene is a target of the PDGF-activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/~dhedgar/BIOL456/2_signal%20transduction.pdf

Neurotrophin signal transduction in the nervous system.

We describe here the isolation of stem cells from juvenile and adult rodent skin. These cells derive from the dermis, and clones of individual cells can proliferate and differentiate in culture to produce neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells and adipocytes. Similar precursors that produce neuron-specific proteins upon differentiation can be isolated from adult human scalp. Because these cells (termed SKPs for skin-derived precursors) generate both neural and mesodermal progeny, we propose that they represent a novel multipotent adult stem cell and suggest that skin may provide an accessible, autologous source of stem cells for transplantation.

/pdf/isolation-of-multipotent-adult-stem-cells-from-the-dermis-of-2ysrudtkph.pdf

David R. Kaplan

Papers

Regulation of Neuronal Survival by the Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase Akt

The protein kinase encoded by the Akt proto-oncogene is a target of the PDGF-activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

Neurotrophin signal transduction in the nervous system.

Isolation of multipotent adult stem cells from the dermis of mammalian skin

PI3K: Downstream AKTion Blocks Apoptosis