Coronaviruses (CoVs) primarily cause enzootic infections in birds and mammals but, in the last few decades, have shown to be capable of infecting humans as well. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and, more recently, Middle-East respiratory syndrome (MERS) has demonstrated the lethality of CoVs when they cross the species barrier and infect humans. A renewed interest in coronaviral research has led to the discovery of several novel human CoVs and since then much progress has been made in understanding the CoV life cycle. The CoV envelope (E) protein is a small, integral membrane protein involved in several aspects of the virus’ life cycle, such as assembly, budding, envelope formation, and pathogenesis. Recent studies have expanded on its structural motifs and topology, its functions as an ion-channelling viroporin, and its interactions with both other CoV proteins and host cell proteins. This review aims to establish the current knowledge on CoV E by highlighting the recent progress that has been made and comparing it to previous knowledge. It also compares E to other viral proteins of a similar nature to speculate the relevance of these new findings. Good progress has been made but much still remains unknown and this review has identified some gaps in the current knowledge and made suggestions for consideration in future research. The most progress has been made on SARS-CoV E, highlighting specific structural requirements for its functions in the CoV life cycle as well as mechanisms behind its pathogenesis. Data shows that E is involved in critical aspects of the viral life cycle and that CoVs lacking E make promising vaccine candidates. The high mortality rate of certain CoVs, along with their ease of transmission, underpins the need for more research into CoV molecular biology which can aid in the production of effective anti-coronaviral agents for both human CoVs and enzootic CoVs.

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Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge

A field experiment was conducted in Delaware (USA) to evaluate three crude oil bioremediation techniques. Four treatments were studied: no oil control, oil alone, oil + nutrients, and oil + nutrients + an indigenous inoculum. The microbial populations were monitored by standard MPN techniques, PLFA profile analysis, and 16S rDNA DGGE analysis for species definition. Viable MPN estimates showed high but steadily declining microbial numbers and no significant differences among treatments during the 14-weeks. Regarding the PLFA results, the communities shifted over the 14-week period from being composed primarily of eukaryotes to Gram-negative bacteria. The Gram-negative communities shifted from the exponential to the stationary phase of growth after week 0. All Gram-negative communities showed evidence of environmental stress. The 16S rDNA DGGE profile of all plots revealed eight prominent bands at time zero. The untreated control plots revealed a simple, dynamic dominant population structure throughout the experiment. The original banding pattern disappeared rapidly in all oiled plots, indicating that the dominant species diversity changed and increased substantially over 14 weeks. The nature of this change was altered by nutrient-addition and the addition of the indigenous inoculum.

/pdf/microbial-population-changes-during-bioremediation-of-an-46czbde8f8.pdf

Microbial Population Changes During Bioremediation of an Experimental Oil Spill

ioremediation is a remediation technology using biological systems to cope pollution problems. “Bioremediation is an ecologically sound and state-of-the-art technique that employs contaminants”(Dr. Barware All). “Bioremediation is the process of using bacteria and other biological enhancements under controlled conditions to control pollution caused by different components of gasoline and fuel oxygenates in the contaminated land and groundwater”(David Laughlin and Randy Mueller).

Bioremediation을 활용한 수질정화

DNA vaccines against COVID-19: Perspectives and challenges.

The dyeing wastewaters are composed of complex chemical compositions, which are toxic and cause biotic risks. For eco-friendly remediation of such toxicants, agro-based materials are used as biosorbent/adsorbent and co-substrate in both physiochemical and biological treatment processes. The present study comprehensively reviews the efficacy of agro-biomass/byproducts (belonging to plants, microbes and animals) either as biosorbents (raw biomass) or adsorbents (modified biomass) for direct removal of dyes and their role as co-substrate to stimulate the biodegradation/decolourization of dyes by bacteria and fungi. In physiochemical process, agro-based biosorbents/adsorbents with porous structures and cellulosic content (≥ 40%) could exhibit excellent potential for removal of both ionic and non-ionic dyes from aqueous medium. Advancement of chemically modified agro-wastes in the form of bio-composites, or doped with nano-materials are used to enhance the sorption of dyes from wastewater in column-flow mode. In biological processes, co-substrate such as jack-fruit-seed-powder, sago-waste, and molasses can act as ē-donor, nutritional supplement, and solid-phase substratum for bacteria in dye decolourization medium, which reduces the color and organic loading in bio-treated water. Such low-cost agro-based co-substrates could be used in bioreactors for biodegradation of dyes and coupled bio-energy production at industrial scale. However, it is required to investigate the potential of biosorbent for real-dyeing-wastewater treatment, comprehensive economic analysis of the agro-based bio-treatment process, a suitable solid-phase co-substrate for immobilization of microorganism to reduce sludge, and reusability of agro-wastes for effective treatment of wastewater.

The utilization of agro-biomass/byproducts for effective bio-removal of dyes from dyeing wastewater: A comprehensive review

Vaccination strategies to combat novel corona virus SARS-CoV-2.

Environmental pollution and its remediation are one of the major problems around the globe. Broad varieties of pollutants viz. pesticides, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and dyes, etc. are the key players, which are mainly responsible for environmental pollution. Residual contaminants are also difficult to eliminate. Bioremediation is one of the most efficient technologies for the reduction of environmental pollutants that recovers the contaminated site back to its actual form. So far only a small number of microbes (culturable microbes) have been exploited and a huge microbial diversity is still unexplored. To enhance the metabolic potential of the microbes, ecological restoration and degradation of recalcitrant pollutants, various bioremediation approaches like chemotaxis, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, biofilm formation, application of genetically engineered microorganisms, advanced omics, have been widely used. In the last few years, the metabolic potential of microbes has tremendously improved the realization of degradation and remediation of environmental pollution. Microorganisms help in the restoration of contaminated habitats by cleaning up waste in a environmentally safe manner along with the production of safe end products. This review discusses the important processes involved in enhancing bioremediation and recent advances in microbes and plants associated bioremediation.

Bioremediation: an emerging effective approach towards environment restoration

Soil naturally comprises heavy metals but due to the rapid industrialization and anthropogenic events such as uncontrolled use of agrochemicals their concentration is heightened up to a large extent across the world. Heavy metals are non-biodegradable and persistent in nature thereby disrupting the environment and causing huge health threats to humans. Exploiting microorganisms for the removal of heavy metal is a promising approach to combat these adverse consequences. The microbial remediation is very crucial to prevent the leaching of heavy metal or mobilization into the ecosystem, as well as to make heavy metal extraction simpler. In this scenario, technological breakthroughs in microbes-based heavy metals have pushed bioremediation as a promising alternative to standard approaches. So, to counteract the deleterious effects of these toxic metals, some microorganisms have evolved different mechanisms of detoxification. This review aims to scrutinize the routes that are responsible for the heavy metal(loid)s contamination of agricultural land, provides a vital assessment of microorganism bioremediation capability. We have summarized various processes of heavy metal bioremediation, such as biosorption, bioleaching, biomineralization, biotransformation, and intracellular accumulation, as well as the use of genetically modified microbes and immobilized microbial cells for heavy metal removal.

Microbial Interventions in Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminants in Agroecosystem

Recent Advances in PGPR and Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Drought Stress Resistance

Dyes used in textile industries are a major source of pollution. A wide range of untreated waste is generated and evacuated as effluents into the environment. This waste contains inorganic and organic pollutants and accumulation of these elements may cause deteriorations of human health and harm to the environment. The textile industry utilizes 50% of dyes, of which azo dyes comprise the largest proportion. Azo dyes and various other synthetic dyes, due to their persistent natures, have been reported to be mutagenic in nature. Degradation of toxic dyes can be achieved by physical, chemical, and biological processes, but the use of microbes for biological treatment is safe, economical, and eco-friendly. Decolorization of dyes takes place either by adsorption on the microbial biomass or by enzymatic degradation, thus converting it into less toxic substances. Thus an efficient degradation of toxic synthetic dyes can be achieved by mixed action or consortia of both bacteria and fungi.

Diksha Sati

Papers

Vaccination strategies to combat novel corona virus SARS-CoV-2.

Bioremediation: an emerging effective approach towards environment restoration

Microbial Interventions in Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminants in Agroecosystem

Recent Advances in PGPR and Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Drought Stress Resistance

Biodegradation of toxic dyes: a comparative study of enzyme action in a microbial system