The evidence in the demographic and family planning literature of the range and diversity of the barriers to fertility regulation in many developing countries is reviewed in this article from a consumer perspective. Barriers are defined as the constraining factors standing between women and the realistic availability of the technologies and correct information they need in order to decide whether and when to have a child. The barriers include limited method choice, financial costs, the status of women, medical and legal restrictions, provider bias, and misinformation. The presence or absence of barriers to fertility regulation is likely an important determinant of the pace of fertility decline or its delay in many countries. At the same time, barriers inhibit women's ability to avoid unintended pregnancy. Problems of quantifying barriers limit understanding of their importance. New ways to quantify them and to identify misinformation, which is often concealed in survey data, are needed for future research.

http://bixby.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Barriers-Fertility-Regulation.pdf

Barriers to fertility regulation: a review of the literature.

In order to control and eliminate the vaccine preventable diseases it is important to know the vaccination coverage and reasons for non-vaccination. The primary objective of this study was to determine the complete vaccination rate; the reasons for non-vaccination and the predictors that influence vaccination of children. The other objective was to determine coverage of measles vaccination of the Measles Immunization Days (MID) 2005 for children aged 9 month to 6 years in a region of Umraniye, Istanbul, Turkey. A '30 × 7' cluster sampling design was used as the sampling method. Thirty streets were selected at random from study area. Survey data were collected by a questionnaire which was applied face to face to parents of 221 children. A Chi-square test and logistic regression was used for the statistical analyses. Content analysis method was used to evaluate the open-ended questions. The complete vaccination rate for study population was 84.5% and 3.2% of all children were totally non-vaccinated. The siblings of non-vaccinated children were also non-vaccinated. Reasons for non-vaccination were as follows: being in the village and couldn't reach to health care services; having no knowledge about vaccination; the father of child didn't allow vaccination; intercurrent illness of child during vaccination time; missed opportunities like not to shave off a vial for only one child. In logistic regression analysis, paternal and maternal levels of education and immigration time of both parents to Istanbul were found to influence whether children were completely vaccinated or non-vaccinated. Measles vaccination coverage during MID was 79.3%. Efforts to increase vaccination coverage should take reasons for non-vaccination into account.

/pdf/vaccination-coverage-and-reasons-for-non-vaccination-in-a-500zxcj810.pdf

Vaccination coverage and reasons for non-vaccination in a district of Istanbul.

Proximity to mining industry and cancer mortality

Background: We studied completeness and timeliness of vaccination and determinants for low and delayed uptake in children born between 2008 and 2009 in Zhejiang province in eastern China.Methods: We used data from a cross-sectional cluster survey conducted in 2011, which included 1146 children born from 1 Jan 2008 to 31 Dec 2009. Various vaccination history, social-demographic factors, attitude and satisfaction toward immunization from caregivers were collected by a standard questionnaire. We restricted to the third dose of HepB, PV, and DPT (HepB3, PV3, and DPT3) as outcome variables for completeness of vaccination and restricted to the first dose of HepB, PV, DPT, and MCV(HepB1, PV1, DPT1, and MCV1) as outcome variables for timeliness of vaccination. The χ2 test and logistic regression analysis were applied to identify the determinants of completeness and timeliness of vaccination. Survival analysis by the Kaplan–Meier method was performed to present the timeliness vaccination.Results: Coverage for HepB...

Completeness and timeliness of vaccination and determinants for low and late uptake among young children in eastern China.

Mortality due to lung, laryngeal and bladder cancer in towns lying in the vicinity of combustion installations.

Assessment of sociodemographic factors and socio-economic status affecting the coverage of compulsory and private immunization services in Istanbul, Turkey

Respiratory complaints and spirometric parameters of the villagers living around the Seyitomer coal-fired thermal power plant in Kütahya, Turkey.

Objective To determine positive and negative attitudes of married Turkish women and men regarding the use of oral contraceptives (OCs). Methods Twenty focus group discussions were conducted during the period October 1998-March 1999 in Umraniye, which is one of the densely populated districts of Istanbul. Results Most of the negative attitudes relating to OCs stemmed from concerns over side effects, particularly in the male focus groups. Health care professionals9 behaviour, lack of concern or bias, and their reluctance to prescribe also limited the uptake of OCs. The female groups had very positive attitudes towards OCs compared to those of the male groups. It was identified that although OCs are largely provided free of charge in Turkey, beliefs and attitudes towards them are the important factors which affect the uptake of the method. Conclusion Special efforts may be needed to educate these groups and also to teach the health professionals about family planning counselling.

https://srh.bmj.com/content/familyplanning/30/2/95.full.pdf

Attitudes of married individuals towards oral contraceptives: a qualitative study in Istanbul, Turkey

Background This study introduced the Standard Days Method™ (SDM), a fertility awareness-based method of family planning, to couples in a region of Istanbul, Turkey who were using a method of low effectiveness or no family planning method. The objective was to determine potential demand for, and satisfaction with, the SDM. Methods A total of 657 couples were selected by systematic sampling and offered the SDM. Those accepting this method were interviewed 1 and 3 months after starting the SDM. Results Some 47% of the participants were satisfied with the method and intended to continue using it. Conclusions Potential demand for the SDM was 80.3% (278/346 eligible women) among couples who were using a method of low effectiveness or no family planning method. Our results suggest that adding the SDM to the contraceptive method mix may benefit Turkish women.

https://srh.bmj.com/content/familyplanning/31/2/123.full.pdf

Dilsad Cebeci

Papers

Assessment of sociodemographic factors and socio-economic status affecting the coverage of compulsory and private immunization services in Istanbul, Turkey

Respiratory complaints and spirometric parameters of the villagers living around the Seyitomer coal-fired thermal power plant in Kütahya, Turkey.

Attitudes of married individuals towards oral contraceptives: a qualitative study in Istanbul, Turkey

Expanding family planning options: offering the Standard Days Method to women in Istanbul.

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