International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors 2003の要求清浄度について － シリコンウエハ表面と雰囲気環境に要求される清浄度, 分析方法の現状について －

Heart Disease A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine

Until the late 1980s, information processing was associated with large mainframe computers and huge tape drives. During the 1990s, this trend shifted toward information processing with personal computers, or PCs. The trend toward miniaturization continues and in the future the majority of information processing systems will be small mobile computers, many of which will be embedded into larger products and interfaced to the physical environment. Hence, these kinds of systems are called embedded systems. Embedded systems together with their physical environment are called cyber-physical systems. Examples include systems such as transportation and fabrication equipment. It is expected that the total market volume of embedded systems will be significantly larger than that of traditional information processing systems such as PCs and mainframes. Embedded systems share a number of common characteristics. For example, they must be dependable, efficient, meet real-time constraints and require customized user interfaces (instead of generic keyboard and mouse interfaces). Therefore, it makes sense to consider common principles of embedded system design.Embedded System Design starts with an introduction into the area and a survey of specification models and languages for embedded and cyber-physical systems. It provides a brief overview of hardware devices used for such systems and presents the essentials of system software for embedded systems, like real-time operating systems. The book also discusses evaluation and validation techniques for embedded systems. Furthermore, the book presents an overview of techniques for mapping applications to execution platforms. Due to the importance of resource efficiency, the book also contains a selected set of optimization techniques for embedded systems, including special compilation techniques. The book closes with a brief survey on testing.Embedded System Design can be used as a text book for courses on embedded systems and as a source which provides pointers to relevant material in the area for PhD students and teachers. It assumes a basic knowledge of information processing hardware and software. Courseware related to this book is available at http://ls12-www.cs.tu-dortmund.de/~marwedel.

Embedded System Design : Embedded Systems Foundations of Cyber-Physical Systems

Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is a general purpose programmable logic device that can be configured by a customer after manufacturing to perform from a simple logic gate operations to complex systems on chip or even artificial intelligence systems. Scientific publications related to FPGA started in 1992 and, up to now, we found more than 70,000 documents in the two leading scientific databases (Scopus and Clarivative Web of Science). These publications show the vast range of applications based on FPGAs, from the new mechanism that enables the magnetic suspension system for the kilogram redefinition, to the Mars rovers’ navigation systems. This paper reviews the top FPGAs’ applications by a scientometric analysis in ScientoPy, covering publications related to FPGAs from 1992 to 2018. Here we found the top 150 applications that we divided into the following categories: digital control, communication interfaces, networking, computer security, cryptography techniques, machine learning, digital signal processing, image and video processing, big data, computer algorithms and other applications. Also, we present an evolution and trend analysis of the related applications.

Field Programmable Gate Array Applications—A Scientometric Review

Cardiac-related diseases have been one major cause of death for an ever increasing number of patients over the last few decades throughout the world. In response, automatic classification of cardiac rhythms using Heart Rate Variability analysis as an effective diagnostic tool has recently emerged as an important field of research. Previous researches has proved that translating and transforming HRV data into numbers can introduce highly accurate assessments of rhythm disorders. However, to obtain reliable HRV interpretation, accurate QRS detection approaches must be utilized. This work, as motivated by the arguments just presented, reviews in detail the most recent and efficient techniques related to QRS feature extraction and HRV determination all classified and presented in a convenient fashion to facilitate coverage. The study also presents a state-of-the-art updated review on QRS detection and heart rate variability analyses that could serve as a handy future reference in this field of research based on more than 200 articles reviewed in this effort.

/pdf/qrs-detection-and-heart-rate-variability-analysis-a-survey-17tpeb28w3.pdf

QRS Detection and Heart Rate Variability Analysis: A Survey

This work proposes a system to help the doctor to detect cardiac arrhythmia. As reference, it uses the normal, fusion and PVC signals of the MIT database. Then, we extract the principal characteristics of the signal by means of the principal component analysis (PCA) technique. One key point in this work is the input signals extraction, which are captured in the same amount. So, the number of segments for each signal is the same. After signal preprocessing, they are applied to a multilayer perceptron (MLP). The MLP with 5 neurons was verified to have the best accuracy. Based on this idea (the use of the same information amount for all input signal types), we achieved better results in comparison with other works in the field. This consideration is very important due to the fact that the ANN could be more sensible to the signal type with major predominance.

Electrocardiogram pattern recognition by means of MLP network and PCA: a case study on equal amount of input signal types

The high degree of miniaturization in the electronics industry has been, for several years, a driver to push embedded systems to different fields and applications. One example is safety-critical systems, where the compactness in the form factor helps to reduce the costs and allows for the implementation of new techniques. The automotive industry is a great example of a safety-critical area with a great rise in the adoption of microelectronics. With it came the creation of the ISO 26262 standard with the goal of guaranteeing a high level of dependability in the designs. Other areas in the safety-critical applications domain have similar standards. However, these standards are mostly guidelines to make sure that designs reach the desired dependability level without explicit instructions. In the end, the success of the design to fulfill the standard is the result of a thorough verification process. Naturally, the goal of any verification team dealing with such important designs is complete coverage as well as standards conformity, but as these are complex hardware, complete functional verification is a difficult task. From the several techniques that exist to verify hardware, where each has its pros and cons, we studied six well-established in academia and in industry. We can divide them into two categories: simulation, which needs extremely large amounts of time, and formal verification, which needs unrealistic amounts of resources. Therefore, we conclude that a hybrid approach offers the best balance between simulation (time) and formal verification (resources).

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/7/6/81/pdf/1

A Survey on Formal Verification Techniques for Safety-Critical Systems-on-Chip

The amount of software in embedded systems has increased significantly over the last years and, therefore, the verification of embedded software is of fundamental importance. One of the main problems in embedded software is to verify variables and functions based on temporal properties. Formal property verification using model checker often suffers from the state space explosion problem when a large software design is considered. In this paper, we propose two new approaches to integrate assertions in the verification of embedded software using simulation-based verification. Firstly, we extended a SystemC hardware temporal checker with interfaces in order to monitor the embedded software variables and functions that are stored in a microprocessor memory model. Secondly, we derived a SystemC model from the original C program in order to integrate directly with the SystemC temporal checker. We performed a case study on an embedded software from automotive industry which is responsible for controlling read and write requests to a non-volatile memory.

/pdf/verification-of-temporal-properties-in-automotive-embedded-3psi5odfua.pdf

Verification of temporal properties in automotive embedded software

The verification of complex systems, like embedded real time systems as well as SoCs, can not only be considered on hardware module level anymore. The amount of software has increased over the last years and, therefore, the verification of embedded software has got a fundamental importance. One of the main problems in embedded software verification is to stress and cover variables and functions in the embedded software that is already running on microprocessor models, during the design phase. In this paper we present a novel approach to verify embedded software running on a microprocessor model, based on a coverage driven verification technique. We have combined a new application called generic software adapter with a SystemC PowerPC microprocessor model in order to cover difficult corner case scenarios in embedded software. This approach avoids setting several parameters and registers during the initialization when no microprocessor model is used. The embedded software is a case study from the automotive industry which is responsible for controlling read and write requests to a non-volatile memory

https://www.computer.org/csdl/pds/api/csdl/proceedings/download-article/12OmNyUWR0L/pdf

Coverage Driven Verification applied to Embedded Software

The verification of embedded software has become an important subject over the last years. This work presents a new semiformal verification approach called SofTPaDS. It combines assertion-based and symbolic simulation approaches for the verification of embedded software with hardware dependencies. SofTPaDS shows to be more efficient than the software model checkers in order to trace deep state spaces and improves the state coverage relative to a simulation-based verification tool. We have successfully applied our approach to an industrial automotive embedded software.

Djones Lettnin

Papers

Electrocardiogram pattern recognition by means of MLP network and PCA: a case study on equal amount of input signal types

A Survey on Formal Verification Techniques for Safety-Critical Systems-on-Chip

Verification of temporal properties in automotive embedded software

Coverage Driven Verification applied to Embedded Software

Semiformal verification of temporal properties in automotive hardware dependent software