Ju Mei,†,‡,∥ Nelson L. C. Leung,†,‡,∥ Ryan T. K. Kwok,†,‡ Jacky W. Y. Lam,†,‡ and Ben Zhong Tang*,†,‡,§ †HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China ‡Department of Chemistry, HKUST Jockey Club Institute for Advanced Study, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Division of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Guangdong Innovative Research Team, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China

Aggregation-Induced Emission: Together We Shine, United We Soar!

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Principles Of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Molecular self-assembly is the spontaneous association of molecules under equilibrium conditions into stable, structurally well-defined aggregates joined by noncovalent bonds. Molecular self-assembly is ubiquitous in biological systems and underlies the formation of a wide variety of complex biological structures. Understanding self-assembly and the associated noncovalent interactions that connect complementary interacting molecular surfaces in biological aggregates is a central concern in structural biochemistry. Self-assembly is also emerging as a new strategy in chemical synthesis, with the potential of generating nonbiological structures with dimensions of 1 to 10(2) nanometers (with molecular weights of 10(4) to 10(10) daltons). Structures in the upper part of this range of sizes are presently inaccessible through chemical synthesis, and the ability to prepare them would open a route to structures comparable in size (and perhaps complementary in function) to those that can be prepared by microlithography and other techniques of microfabrication.

Molecular self-assembly and nanochemistry: A chemical strategy for the synthesis of nanostructures

Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment.

Intermolecular And Surface Forces

Calixarenes are one kind of phenol–formaldehyde cyclic oligomers, discovered from the Bakelite process. Their intrinsic characteristics, including the unique structural scaffold, facile modification and adjustable inclusion property, show pronounced potential for supramolecular polymerization. In this tutorial review, we summarize the current stage of fabrication of calixarene-based supramolecular polymers. Three types of calixarene-based supramolecular polymers are, respectively, illustrated according to the different activities of calixarenes: (1) calixarene-based supramolecular polycaps, (2) supramolecular polymers with polymeric calixarene scaffolds where the cavities remain unexploited; (3) supramolecular polymers formed by the host–guest interactions offered by calixarene cavities. Furthermore, the stimuli-responsiveness and functions of calixarene-based supramolecular polymers are illustrated, which endow them with a broad range of potential applications as smart, self-healing materials and delivery carriers.

Calixarene-based supramolecular polymerization in solution

ConspectusDevelopments in macrocyclic chemistry have led to supramolecular chemistry, a field that has attracted increasing attention among researchers in various disciplines. Notably, the discoveries of new types of macrocyclic hosts have served as important milestones in the field. Researchers have explored the supramolecular chemistry of several classical macrocyclic hosts, including crown ethers, cyclodextrins, calixarenes, and cucurbiturils. Calixarenes represent a third generation of supramolecular hosts after cyclodextrins and crown ethers. Easily modified, these macrocycles show great potential as simple scaffolds to build podand-like receptors. However, the inclusion properties of the cavities of unmodified calixarenes are not as good as those of other common macrocycles. Calixarenes require extensive chemical modifications to achieve efficient endo-complexation.p-Sulfonatocalix[n]arenes (SCnAs, n = 4–8) are a family of water-soluble calixarene derivatives that in aqueous media bind to guest mole...

Supramolecular chemistry of p-sulfonatocalix[n]arenes and its biological applications.

Enzyme-responsive, amphiphilic self-assembly represents one of the increasingly significant topics in biomaterials research and finds feasible applications to the controlled release of therapeutic agents at specific sites where the target enzyme is located. The supramolecular approach, using “superamphiphiles”, provides a smart way to fabricate drug delivery systems responsive to enzymatic catalysis. In this work based on the concept of supramolecular chemistry, we report an enzyme-responsive vesicle using p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene as the macrocyclic host and natural enzyme-cleavable myristoylcholine as the guest molecule. The complexation of p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene with myristoylcholine directs the formation of a supramolecular binary vesicle, which is dissipated by cholinesterase with high specificity and efficiency. Cholinesterase is a key protein overexpressed in Alzheimer’s disease, and therefore, the present system may have potential for the delivery of Alzheimer’s disease drugs.

Cholinesterase-Responsive Supramolecular Vesicle

The cathode capacity of common lithium ion batteries (LIBs) using inorganic electrodes and liquid electrolytes must be further improved. Alternatively, all-solid-state lithium batteries comprising the electrode of organic compounds can offer much higher capacity. Herein, we successfully fabricated an all-solid-state lithium battery based on organic pillar[5]quinone (C35H20O10) cathode and composite polymer electrolyte (CPE). The poly(methacrylate) (PMA)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-LiClO4-3 wt % SiO2 CPE has an optimum ionic conductivity of 0.26 mS cm–1 at room temperature. Furthermore, pillar[5]quinine cathode in all-solid-state battery rendered an average operation voltage of ∼2.6 V and a high initial capacity of 418 mAh g–1 with a stable cyclability (94.7% capacity retention after 50 cycles at 0.2C rate) through the reversible redox reactions of enolate/quinonid carbonyl groups, showing favorable prospect for the device application with high capacity.

All-Solid-State Lithium Organic Battery with Composite Polymer Electrolyte and Pillar[5]quinone Cathode

We report the novel construction of nanosupramolecular binary vesicles based on host−guest complex formation between p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene and asymmetric viologen, which was identified by UV−vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic laser scattering, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and surface tension experiments. The critical aggregation concentration of asymmetric viologen decreases pronouncedly by a factor of ca. 1000 owing to the complexation of p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the resulting vesicles can respond to multiple external stimuli, including temperature, host−guest inclusion, and redox. Methods of warming and inclusion of cyclodextrins were then employed to disrupt the vesicle architecture to release hydrophilic doxorubicin from the interior of the vesicle. Finally, cell experiments were performed to evaluate the cellular toxicity of the supramolecular binary vesicle and the anticancer efficiency of doxorubicin-loaded vesicle.

Dong-Sheng Guo

Papers

Calixarene-based supramolecular polymerization in solution

Supramolecular chemistry of p-sulfonatocalix[n]arenes and its biological applications.

Cholinesterase-Responsive Supramolecular Vesicle

All-Solid-State Lithium Organic Battery with Composite Polymer Electrolyte and Pillar[5]quinone Cathode

Multistimuli Responsive Supramolecular Vesicles Based on the Recognition of p-Sulfonatocalixarene and its Controllable Release of Doxorubicin