Initial-value ordinary differential equation solution via variable order Adams method (SIVA/DIVA) package is collection of subroutines for solution of nonstiff ordinary differential equations. There are versions for single-precision and double-precision arithmetic. Requires fewer evaluations of derivatives than other variable-order Adams predictor/ corrector methods. Option for direct integration of second-order equations makes integration of trajectory problems significantly more efficient. Written in FORTRAN 77.

Solving Ordinary Differential Equations

Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility

This paper reviews the technological and economical feasibilities as well as sustainable assessment of approaches (thermochemical and biochemical) applied for sustainable “drop-in” fuel production from lignocellulosic sources. The challenges for each pathway to produce “drop-in” fuels are covered. Currently “drop-in” fuel production cost is approximately 2 times (~5–6$/gallon) higher than fossil fuels (3$/gallon), especially with the use of 2nd generation feedstocks. The primary sources of cost with “drop-in” fuel production are feedstock cost (40–60% of the total production cost), syngas cleaning and conditioning to meet Fischer-Tropsch synthesis requirement (12–15% of the total production cost) and bio oil upgrading (14–18% of the total production cost) in the case of pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). The most influential factors on the life cycle analysis (LCA) were biomass cultivation, harvesting, biomass pre-treatment, and transportation. Therefore, robust processes that can use local waste biomass are far more environmental and economically viable, especially as biofuel from second generation have a greater potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (50–100%) than first generation biofuels (50–90%) when land use changes are omitted in the LCA. The sustainability of biofuels is pre-dominantly dependant on the sustainability of the initial biomass, with 2nd generation feedstocks being more sustainable than 1st generation. Gasification-FTS is considered as the most promising technique for “drop-in” fuel production over pyrolysis and HTL due to its flexibility towards feedstock acceptance and the ability to produced high yields of liquid fuel together with other economically viable biofuels such as electricity and heat. Biochemical routes (i.e.fermentation) to “drop-in” fuels are still in their early development stages, and therefore require more studies and pilot-scale experiments in order to discover an economic and sustainable means of using these methods.

“Drop-in” fuel production from biomass: Critical review on techno-economic feasibility and sustainability

Production of solid biofuels from organic waste in developing countries: A review from sustainability and economic feasibility perspectives.

For several decades, in many countries around the world biofuels have been an integral part of the energy market portfolio. While introduced as a new technology and a complementary energy source, in some cases supported by governmental subsidies, in recent years biofuels production has become controversial. On the one hand, due to subsidy policies biofuels became a competitive energy source, thus determining blending rules for traditional gasoline, and directly impacting fossil fuel markets. On the other hand, economic, environmental, and social benefits of biofuels, although widely acknowledged in the literature in general, have been questioned in terms of their scope and extent. In the face of ongoing scientific and professional discussions on biofuels, it is important to delineate differences and similarities among various biofuels feedstocks, processes, and technologies. It is specifically the diversity of those technologies that will determine and allow for a more comprehensive assessment of the final economic, environmental, and social sustainability levels of biofuels produced from the respective feedstocks and with different processes. This chapter will provide a closer look at these issues at hand.

Biofuels technologies: An overview of feedstocks, processes, and technologies

The energy value and economic efficiency of solid biofuels produced from digestate and sawdust

The purpose of this paper is the comparison of the conventional and controlled illumination systems in an intelligent building. Studies in the past have shown that when applying conventional illumination based on incandescent and halogen light sources reduces the energy efficiency of the illuminations inside buildings below the permissible value, which is listed in the standards DIN 18599 and PN EN 15193. A solution to this problem is the application of illumination control systems. Streszczenie. Celem artykulu jest porownanie systemow oświetlenia konwencjonalnego oraz sterowanego w budynku inteligentnym. Jak dowodzą wyniki badan – stosowanie konwencjonalnego oświetlenia opartego na zarowych oraz halogenowych źrodlach światla powoduje zmniejszenie wydajności energetycznej oświetlenia w budynkach ponizej wartości dopuszczalnej ujetej w normach DIN 18599 oraz PN EN 15193. Rozwiązaniem problemu jest zastosowanie systemow sterowania oświetleniem. (Poprawa wydajności energetycznej oświetlenia poprzez wykorzystanie systemu KNX).

Improving the energy efficiency of lighting through the use of KNX system

The article presents the results of energy efficiency tests conducted in the lobby of the JET OFFICE building located in Poznan on the basis of the PN-EN 15193 standard. The basic factors on the basis of which the energy efficiency analysis of the lighting was performed were characterized and specific calculations were presented. Streszczenie. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badan efektywności energetycznej lobby budynku biurowego JET OFFICE znajdującego sie w Poznaniu, w oparciu o norme PN-EN 15193. Scharakteryzowano podstawowe wspolczynniki, na podstawie, ktorych przeprowadzono analize wydajności energetycznej oświetlenia oraz przedstawiono konkretne obliczenia. (Analiza parametrow energetycznych i świetlnych iluminacji lobby wykonanej w technologii LED).

Analysis of the light and energy performance inside a lobby with an illumination made in LED technology

The article presents the test results of the electromagnetic immunity of an intelligent fixed installation model to electromagnetic continuous disturbances in relation to the standards and regulations in force. The model tested was based on intelligent building automatic devices by Hager. Streszczenie. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań odporności elektromagnetycznej modelu inteligentnej instalacji stacjonarnej na zaburzenia ciągłe w świetle obowiązujących norm i przepisów. Badany model został wykonany w oparciu o automatykę inteligentnego budynku wyprodukowaną przez firmę Hager. (Odporność modelu KNX na elektromagnetyczne zaburzenia ciągłe).

The immunity of the KNX model to continuous electromagnetic disturbances

Ecology is strongly related to the quality of energy management and to limiting the negative impact of the technosphere on the environment. This work refers to the analysis of energy quality and power balances in different, due to the specificity of functioning (used electrical equipment), business facilities. The research was carried out for supply networks: in the bank building, in the IT laboratory and in the office and warehouse facility. The measurements of currents, voltages, active, reactive and apparent power in individual phases of power supply system as well as distortions (higher harmonics) of currents and voltages were carried out. The research was carried out to identify irregularities in the networks and to indicate ways to limit the effects of electromagnetic disturbances (mainly higher harmonics) as well as achieve improvements in energy efficiency and ecology in the operation of these facilities.

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Dorota Typańska

Papers

The energy value and economic efficiency of solid biofuels produced from digestate and sawdust

Improving the energy efficiency of lighting through the use of KNX system

Analysis of the light and energy performance inside a lobby with an illumination made in LED technology

The immunity of the KNX model to continuous electromagnetic disturbances

Specificity of energetic functioning of economic activity objects