[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

This paper reviews the technological and economical feasibilities as well as sustainable assessment of approaches (thermochemical and biochemical) applied for sustainable “drop-in” fuel production from lignocellulosic sources. The challenges for each pathway to produce “drop-in” fuels are covered. Currently “drop-in” fuel production cost is approximately 2 times (~5–6$/gallon) higher than fossil fuels (3$/gallon), especially with the use of 2nd generation feedstocks. The primary sources of cost with “drop-in” fuel production are feedstock cost (40–60% of the total production cost), syngas cleaning and conditioning to meet Fischer-Tropsch synthesis requirement (12–15% of the total production cost) and bio oil upgrading (14–18% of the total production cost) in the case of pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). The most influential factors on the life cycle analysis (LCA) were biomass cultivation, harvesting, biomass pre-treatment, and transportation. Therefore, robust processes that can use local waste biomass are far more environmental and economically viable, especially as biofuel from second generation have a greater potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (50–100%) than first generation biofuels (50–90%) when land use changes are omitted in the LCA. The sustainability of biofuels is pre-dominantly dependant on the sustainability of the initial biomass, with 2nd generation feedstocks being more sustainable than 1st generation. Gasification-FTS is considered as the most promising technique for “drop-in” fuel production over pyrolysis and HTL due to its flexibility towards feedstock acceptance and the ability to produced high yields of liquid fuel together with other economically viable biofuels such as electricity and heat. Biochemical routes (i.e.fermentation) to “drop-in” fuels are still in their early development stages, and therefore require more studies and pilot-scale experiments in order to discover an economic and sustainable means of using these methods.

“Drop-in” fuel production from biomass: Critical review on techno-economic feasibility and sustainability

After nearly two decades of subsidized and energy crop-oriented development, agricultural biogas production in Germany is standing at a crossroads. Fundamental challenges need to be met. In this article we sketch a vision of a future agricultural biogas plant that is an integral part of the circular bioeconomy and works mainly on the base of residues. It is flexible with regard to feedstocks, digester operation, microbial communities and biogas output. It is modular in design and its operation is knowledge-based, information-driven and largely automated. It will be competitive with fossil energies and other renewable energies, profitable for farmers and plant operators and favorable for the national economy. In this paper we discuss the required contribution of research to achieve these aims.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/3/396/pdf

The Future Agricultural Biogas Plant in Germany: A Vision

Production of hydrogen and methane from lignocellulose waste by fermentation. A review of chemical pretreatment for enhancing the efficiency of the digestion process

Biomethane recovery from olive mill residues through anaerobic digestion: A review of the state of the art technology

The energy value and economic efficiency of solid biofuels produced from digestate and sawdust

Energetic and economic analysis of biogas plant with using the dairy industry waste

Technological reliability of pollutant removal in different seasons in one-stage constructed wetland system with horizontal flow operating in the moderate climate

/pdf/potential-of-biogas-production-from-animal-manure-in-poland-1xauivpjbm.pdf

Potential of biogas production from animal manure in Poland

*Corresponding author e-mail: kamil.kozlowski@up.poznan.pl A b s t r a c t. One of the most commonly used substrates in biogas plants is maize silage, however, the application of monofermentation technology under Polish economic conditions has a tendency to rapidly bankrupt the investor. The lack of profitability of investments based on this material has encouraged investors to search for other, more economically favourable biomass sources i.e. maize straw. The aim of the research was to compare the energetic potential of untreated maize straw and extruded maize straw used for biogas production and furthermore, to determine the amount of electricity and heat generated as well as the amount of heat produced from direct combustion. The results obtained confirmed the substantial energy potential of maize straw. It has been proven that using the extrusion method as a pretreatment before the fermentation process, enables the producer to increase biogas and methane production respectively by 7.50 and 8.51%. However, the use of an extruder machine in biogas plants in Poland is economically unjustified due to its high energy consumption. Moreover, it has been shown, that the use of maize straw in the methane fermentation process enables it to generate (in Poland) a higher income than is the case of using this material in a direct combustion process. K e y w o r d s: maize straw, extrusion, methane fermentation, biogas, energetic potential

http://www.international-agrophysics.org/pdf-113548-43208?filename=Extrusion pretreatment of.pdf

Kamil Kozłowski

Papers

The energy value and economic efficiency of solid biofuels produced from digestate and sawdust

Energetic and economic analysis of biogas plant with using the dairy industry waste

Technological reliability of pollutant removal in different seasons in one-stage constructed wetland system with horizontal flow operating in the moderate climate

Potential of biogas production from animal manure in Poland

Extrusion pretreatment of maize straw - case study for a Polish biogas plants