抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Polydopamine and Its Derivative Materials: Synthesis and Promising Applications in Energy, Environmental, and Biomedical Fields

Approaches, Derivatives and Applications Vasilios Georgakilas,† Michal Otyepka,‡ Athanasios B. Bourlinos,‡ Vimlesh Chandra, Namdong Kim, K. Christian Kemp, Pavel Hobza,‡,§,⊥ Radek Zboril,*,‡ and Kwang S. Kim* †Institute of Materials Science, NCSR “Demokritos”, Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, 15310 Athens, Greece ‡Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo naḿ. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic

Functionalization of Graphene: Covalent and Non-Covalent Approaches, Derivatives and Applications

Graphene has attracted tremendous research interest in recent years, owing to its exceptional properties. The scaled-up and reliable production of graphene derivatives, such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), offers a wide range of possibilities to synthesize graphene-based functional materials for various applications. This critical review presents and discusses the current development of graphene-based composites. After introduction of the synthesis methods for graphene and its derivatives as well as their properties, we focus on the description of various methods to synthesize graphene-based composites, especially those with functional polymers and inorganic nanostructures. Particular emphasis is placed on strategies for the optimization of composite properties. Lastly, the advantages of graphene-based composites in applications such as the Li-ion batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, photovoltaic devices, photocatalysis, as well as Raman enhancement are described (279 references).

/pdf/graphene-based-composites-540z2xd3o0.pdf

Graphene-based composites

Graphene based materials: Past, present and future

Ice accretion has a negative impact on critical infrastructure, as well as a range of commercial and residential activities. Icephobic surfaces are defined by an ice adhesion strength τice < 100 kPa. However, the passive removal of ice requires much lower values of τice, such as on airplane wings or power lines (τice < 20 kPa). Such low τice values are scarcely reported, and robust coatings that maintain these low values have not been reported previously. We show that, irrespective of material chemistry, by tailoring the cross-link density of different elastomeric coatings and by enabling interfacial slippage, it is possible to systematically design coatings with extremely low ice adhesion (τice < 0.2 kPa). These newfound mechanisms allow for the rational design of icephobic coatings with virtually any desired ice adhesion strength. By using these mechanisms, we fabricate extremely durable coatings that maintain τice < 10 kPa after severe mechanical abrasion, acid/base exposure, 100 icing/deicing cycles, thermal cycling, accelerated corrosion, and exposure to Michigan wintery conditions over several months.

https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/2/3/e1501496.full.pdf

Designing durable icephobic surfaces

[*] Prof. S. O. Kim, D. H. Lee, J. E. Kim, T. H. Han, J. W. Hwang, Prof. S. W. Jeon, Prof. S. H. Hong, Prof. W. J. Lee Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Daejeon 305-701 (Republic of Korea) E-mail: sangouk.kim@kaist.ac.kr Dr. S. Y. Choi Convergence Components and Materials Laboratory Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute (ETRI) Daejoen 305-700 (Republic of Korea)

Versatile carbon hybrid films composed of vertical carbon nanotubes grown on mechanically compliant graphene films.

We report the synthesis of a Fe-porphyrin-like carbon nanotube from conventional plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Covalent but seamless incorporation of the 5-6-5-6 porphyrinic $\mathrm{Fe}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}{\mathrm{N}}_{4}$ moiety into the graphene hexagonal side wall was elucidated by x-ray and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopies and first-principles electronic structure calculations. The resulting biomimetic nanotube exhibits an excellent oxygen reduction catalytic activity with the extreme structural stability over $0.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ cycles, vastly superior to the commercial Pt-C catalyst.

Theory, synthesis, and oxygen reduction catalysis of Fe-porphyrin-like carbon nanotube.

We present a flexible room temperature NO2 gas sensor consisting of vertical carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/reduced graphene hybrid film supported by a polyimide substrate. The reduced graphene film alone showed a negligible sensor response, exhibiting abnormal N–P transitions during the initial NO2 injection. A hybrid film, formed by the growth of a vertically aligned CNT array (with CNTs 20 μm in length) on the reduced graphene film surface, exhibited remarkably enhanced sensitivities with weak N–P transitions. The increase in sensitivity was mainly attributed to the high sensitivity of the CNT arrays. The outstanding flexibility of the reduced graphene films ensured stable sensing performances in devices submitted to extreme bending stress.

/pdf/flexible-room-temperature-no2-gas-sensors-based-on-carbon-49jrc8prpu.pdf

Flexible room-temperature NO2 gas sensors based on carbon nanotubes/reduced graphene hybrid films

This work was supported by the National Research
Laboratory Program (R0A-2008-000-20057-0), the
World Class University (WCU) program (R32-2008-000-
10051-0), the Pioneer Research Center Program
(2009-0093758), and the National Research Foundation
(NRF 2008-0062204) funded by the Korean government.
Supporting Information is available online from Wiley
InterScience or from the author.

Duck Hyun Lee

Papers

Designing durable icephobic surfaces

Versatile carbon hybrid films composed of vertical carbon nanotubes grown on mechanically compliant graphene films.

Theory, synthesis, and oxygen reduction catalysis of Fe-porphyrin-like carbon nanotube.

Flexible room-temperature NO2 gas sensors based on carbon nanotubes/reduced graphene hybrid films

Peptide/Graphene Hybrid Assembly into Core/Shell Nanowires