Bacteriocins of gram-positive bacteria.

Rapid analysis of amino acids using pre-column derivatization.

9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) amino acids were first used for solid phase peptide synthesis a little more than a decade ago. Since that time, Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis methodology has been greatly enhanced by the introduction of a variety of solid supports, linkages, and side chain protecting groups, as well as by increased understanding of solvation conditions. These advances have led to many impressive syntheses, such as those of biologically active and isotopically labeled peptides and small proteins. The great variety of conditions under which Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis may be carried out represents a truly "orthogonal" scheme, and thus offers many unique opportunities for bioorganic chemistry.

Solid phase peptide synthesis utilizing 9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl amino acids

Production of biochar (the carbon (C)-rich solid formed by pyrolysis of biomass) and its storage in soils have been suggested as a means of abating climate change by sequestering carbon, while simultaneously providing energy and increasing crop yields. Substantial uncertainties exist, however, regarding the impact, capacity and sustainability of biochar at the global level. In this paper we estimate the maximum sustainable technical potential of biochar to mitigate climate change. Annual net emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane and nitrous oxide could be reduced by a maximum of 1.8 Pg CO 2 -C equivalent (CO 2 -C e ) per year (12 % of current anthropogenic CO 2 -C e emissions; 1 Pg = 1 Gt), and total net emissions over the course of a century by 130 Pg CO 2 -C e , without endangering food security, habitat or soil conservation. Biochar has a larger climate-change mitigation potential than combustion of the same sustainably procured biomass for bioenergy, except when fertile soils are amended while coal is the fuel being offset.

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Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change

High performance liquid chromatographic determination of subpicomole amounts of amino acids by precolumn fluorescence derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde

Vereinfachte Darstellung von Tyrosin- und Lysinderivaten aus Kupferkomplexen durch Ligandenaustausch mit dem Dinatriumsalz der Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure (EDTA)

Lösliche Copolymere aus 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinon und Vinylacetat zur Synthese von Peptiden

PS-PEG tentacle polymers are modified for the synthesis of oligonucleotides covalently bound to polyethylene glycol (P E G) at their 3′-position by the solid phase method without additional steps. The average stepwise coupling rates and overall yields are in the range of standard oligonucleotide synthesis. Oligonucleotides and phosphorothioates up to 20 nucleotides, modified with hexaethylene glycol (H E G), PEG₄₀₀ and PEG₁₅₀₀, are synthesized in this manner. The products are characterized by capillary electrophoresis and electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS). These new methods are very efficient for purity control as it is required for potential antisense drugs.

Synthesis of 3′-PEG -Modified Oligonucleotides on PS -PEG Tentacle Polymers

20 mer phosphodiester oligonucleotides modified at their 5′-termini with disulfide or thiol groups were synthesized and immobilized on a gold surface. Hybridization studies with complementary, partially complementary and non-complementary oligonucleotides were carried out using a thickness shear mode resonator (TSMR) in a continuos flow apparatus. Monitoring the hybridization processes, a concentration-dependent frequency shift was observed. Moreover, even a single mismatch in the complementary strand could be detected. In addition, the formation of duplexes was confirmed by capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS).

Detection of oligonucleotide sequences with quartz crystal oscillators

A process is disclosed for producing biologically active polymer nanoparticle-nucleic acid conjugates by polymerising vinyl monomers with a low water solubility in an aqueous solution, then reacting the resulting polymer suspensions with the nucleic acids. The process is characterised in that the vinyl monomers are emulsion polymerised in the presence of cationic radical starters but in the absence of any emulsifier. The thus obtained polymer nanoparticle-nucleic acid conjugates are sufficiently stable in biological media and are characterised by a high transport efficiency through cellular membranes.

Ernst Bayer

Papers

Vereinfachte Darstellung von Tyrosin- und Lysinderivaten aus Kupferkomplexen durch Ligandenaustausch mit dem Dinatriumsalz der Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure (EDTA)

Lösliche Copolymere aus 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinon und Vinylacetat zur Synthese von Peptiden

Synthesis of 3′-PEG -Modified Oligonucleotides on PS -PEG Tentacle Polymers

Detection of oligonucleotide sequences with quartz crystal oscillators

Process for producing biologically active polymer nanoparticle-nucleic acid conjugates