Bacteriocins of gram-positive bacteria.

Rapid analysis of amino acids using pre-column derivatization.

9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) amino acids were first used for solid phase peptide synthesis a little more than a decade ago. Since that time, Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis methodology has been greatly enhanced by the introduction of a variety of solid supports, linkages, and side chain protecting groups, as well as by increased understanding of solvation conditions. These advances have led to many impressive syntheses, such as those of biologically active and isotopically labeled peptides and small proteins. The great variety of conditions under which Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis may be carried out represents a truly "orthogonal" scheme, and thus offers many unique opportunities for bioorganic chemistry.

Solid phase peptide synthesis utilizing 9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl amino acids

Production of biochar (the carbon (C)-rich solid formed by pyrolysis of biomass) and its storage in soils have been suggested as a means of abating climate change by sequestering carbon, while simultaneously providing energy and increasing crop yields. Substantial uncertainties exist, however, regarding the impact, capacity and sustainability of biochar at the global level. In this paper we estimate the maximum sustainable technical potential of biochar to mitigate climate change. Annual net emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane and nitrous oxide could be reduced by a maximum of 1.8 Pg CO 2 -C equivalent (CO 2 -C e ) per year (12 % of current anthropogenic CO 2 -C e emissions; 1 Pg = 1 Gt), and total net emissions over the course of a century by 130 Pg CO 2 -C e , without endangering food security, habitat or soil conservation. Biochar has a larger climate-change mitigation potential than combustion of the same sustainably procured biomass for bioenergy, except when fertile soils are amended while coal is the fuel being offset.

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Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change

High performance liquid chromatographic determination of subpicomole amounts of amino acids by precolumn fluorescence derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde

Peptide sequences B-X-B (B = Arg and/or Lys; X = Glu or Asp) are of considerable interest because of their possible interactions with ribosomal RNA. The syntheses of various protected peptides with the sequence Ala-B-X-B-Ala (X = Glu or Ala) and [Arg]n-Pro (n = 1–3) are described. They are carried out in solution according to the conventional peptide synthesis method. The carbobenzoxy group is used for Nα-protection and the methyl group for the protection of the terminal carboxyl group. The side chains of Lys and Glu are respectively blocked with the tert.-butyloxycarbonyl and the tertiary butyl group and the guanidinic function of arginine with the NO2-group. The intermediate peptides are purified either by extraction or by size exclusion chromatography. A specially adapted strategy of peptide synthesis allows removal of the amino terminal Cbo-group at the end of the synthesis and introduction of an acryloyl group. By radical copolymerization with cross-linking agents these acryloyl derivatives can be transferred into insoluble peptide gels suitable for affinity chromatography and for investigating peptide-oligonucleotide interactions. The isolation of the unprotected peptides Arg-Arg-Arg-Pro, Ala-Arg-Glu-Arg-Ala, Ala-Arg-Glu-Lys-Ala, Ala-Arg-Ala-Lys-Ala, Ala-Lys-Glu-Lys-Ala and their characterization using amino acid analysis, electrophoresis, and FAB-mass spectrometry is also reported.

Ernst Bayer

Papers

Synthesis of partial sequences of ribosomal proteins and their derivatization with acryloyl residues

Künstliche Nicht-Häm-Eisenproteide aus Ribonuclease und Serumalbumin

An Improved Method for the Synthesis of γ‐Lactones Using Sodium Bromate and Sodium Hydrogen Sulfite.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Isomeric Derivatives of Naturally Occurring Spatozoate.

Two New Triterpenes from Fern Adiantum incisum