J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

Starch, cellulose, pectin, gum, alginate, chitin and chitosan derived (nano)materials for sustainable water treatment: A review

During an 8-year period, 17 316 samples of feed and feed raw materials from all over the world were analysed for contamination with aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and fumonisins. Overall, 72% of the samples tested positive for at least one mycotoxin and 38% were found to be co-contaminated. Mycotoxin concentrations were generally low and the majority of the samples were compliant with the most stringent EU guidance values or maximum levels for mycotoxins in feed. However, in their present state these regulations do not address co-contamination and associated risks. Long-term trends are difficult to establish as strong yearly variations were observed regarding mycotoxin prevalence and contamination levels. In some cases unusual weather conditions can be linked with high observed mycotoxin loads. An exception to this rule is South-East Asia, where a steady increase of aflatoxin prevalence has been observed. The percentage of aflatoxin-positive samples in this region rose from 32% in 2005 to 71% in 2011.

Mycotoxin occurrence in feed and feed raw materials worldwide: long-term analysis with special focus on Europe and Asia.

The occurrence and effect of unit operations for dairy products processing on the fate of aflatoxin M1: A review

Background
Milk is a highly nutritious food, and it is a source of necessary macro- and micronutrients for the growth, development and maintenance of human health However, it may also be a source of natural food contaminants that may cause disease The presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk and dairy products throughout the world has been known since twenty to thirty ago Milk and dairy products contamination with aflatoxin M1 is important problem worldwide especially for developing countries for the last ten to twenty years
Scope and Approach
The presence of this mycotoxin in these products is important issue, especially for children and infants, who are more susceptible than adults This review provides information regarding the occurrence of AFM1 in milk and dairy products in many regions of the world, its stability during processing and some reduction strategies In this review the toxicity, occurrence of AFM1 in milk and dairy products (preferably for the last 5 years), regulations, strategies for its reduction, latest developments in detection methodologies and future challenges are described
Key Findings and Conclusions
Strict regulations and adapting good storage practices in developed countries have minimized the contamination of AFM1 in milk and dairy products The current advancements in analytical techniques have helped the law enforcement agencies to implement strict regulations Furthermore, the improvement in analytical facility and increasing the awareness related to the health effects of AFM1 in milk and dairy products could minimize its occurrence level in developing countries

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Aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence and recent challenges: A review

A survey of aflatoxin M1 in milk and sweets of Punjab, Pakistan

Enhanced antibacterial activity of chitosan, guar gum and polyvinyl alcohol blend matrix loaded with amoxicillin and doxycycline hyclate drugs

Friedel-Crafts reactions in aqueous media and their synthetic applications

Despite the vast importance of green chemistry synthesis and characterization of natural biopolymers is need of time which eliminates the danger to health and environment. Polysaccharides are widely spread biopolymers with diversity of structure and properties. They are potential substitutes of petroleum-derived synthetic products because they are easily available, nontoxic, biodegradable and biocompatible. Due to their fascinating properties they are used as a rheological modifier in food, pharmaceutical, paper, textile, oil and drilling and score of other industrial and commercial sectors. Modification of hydrophilic backbone of these biopolymers diversifies and enhances its applications and functionality. Guar gum is an outstanding representative of green, ecofriendaly biopolymers This Review deals with structure, properties and potential uses of green biopolymer guar gum. Different methodologies to modify guar to enhance and diversify its properties and application range are discussed and reviewed.

Green biopolymer guar gum and its derivatives

The purpose of this research is to introduce new green, nontoxic, cost effective derivatives of guar gum with antioxidant moieties covalently bounded to guar backbone. Guar gum is one of the significant naturally occurring non-ionic polysaccharide which has wide applications due to its rheological modifying properties in medicinal industrial and other commercial sectors. The amendment of rheological properties of guar gum can improve and diversify its commercial applications. A novel and efficient synthesis of five different new derivatives of guar gum (3a-3e) were prepared by insitu activation of caffeic, cinnamic, coumaric ferulic, and hydrocinnamic acid with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). Temperature Effect, reactants concentration and time interval played imperative role for determining the degree of substitution (DS) in all synthetic guar esters. The DS value was estimated quantitatively by titration method. Guar derivatives with variable DS were prepared and confirmed by FT-IR and 1 H-NMR spectroscopy. Surface morphological study of new

Erum Akbar Hussain

Papers

A survey of aflatoxin M1 in milk and sweets of Punjab, Pakistan

Enhanced antibacterial activity of chitosan, guar gum and polyvinyl alcohol blend matrix loaded with amoxicillin and doxycycline hyclate drugs

Friedel-Crafts reactions in aqueous media and their synthetic applications

Green biopolymer guar gum and its derivatives

Synthesis and characterization of guar gum derivatives with antioxidant moieties